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he was already under the influence

  • 1 influence

    'influəns
    1. noun
    1) (the power to affect people, actions or events: He used his influence to get her the job; He should not have driven the car while under the influence of alcohol.) influencia
    2) (a person or thing that has this power: She is a bad influence on him.) influencia

    2. verb
    (to have an effect on: The weather seems to influence her moods.) influir, influenciar
    - influentially
    influence1 n influencia
    influence2 vb influir / influenciar
    what influenced your decision resign? ¿qué influyó en su decisión de dimitir?
    tr['ɪnflʊəns]
    1 (gen) influencia
    1 (decision etc) influir en/sobre; (person) influenciar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be easily influenced ser influenciable
    to be under the influence (of alcohol) estar bajo la influencia del alcohol, estar bajo los efectos del alcohol
    influence peddling tráfico de influencias
    influence ['ɪn.flu:ənts, ɪn'flu:ənts] vt, - enced ; - encing : influenciar, influir en
    1) : influencia f, influjo m
    to exert influence over: ejercer influencia sobre
    the influence of gravity: el influjo de la gravidad
    2)
    under the influence : bajo la influencia del alcohol, embriagado
    n.
    • ascendiente s.m.
    • cabida s.f.
    • impresión s.f.
    • impulsión s.f.
    • influencia s.f.
    • influjo s.m.
    • metimiento s.m.
    • valimiento s.m.
    • valía s.f.
    v.
    • inclinar v.
    • influenciar v.
    • influir v.
    • influir en v.
    • sugestionar v.

    I 'ɪnfluəns
    a) c u ( effect)

    influence (ON somebody/something) — influencia f (sobre alguien/algo)

    to be under the influence of somebody/something — estar* bajo la influencia de alguien/algo

    he was already under the influence — (colloq) ya estaba borracho

    b) c ( power)

    influence (OVER/ON somebody/something) — influencia f (sobre alguien/algo)

    to have influence over somebody/something — tener* influencia or (frml) ascendiente sobre alguien/algo

    she's a good/bad influence on him — ejerce buena/mala influencia sobre él


    II
    transitive verb \<\<person/decision\>\> influir* en, influenciar
    ['ɪnflʊǝns]
    1.
    N influencia f (on sobre)

    to have an influence on sth — [person] tener influencia en or sobre algo, influir en or sobre algo

    to be a good/bad influence on sb — ejercer buena/mala influencia sobre algn

    to have influence with sb — tener influencias con algn, tener enchufe con algn *

    to have influence over sb — tener influencia or ascendiente sobre algn

    to be under the influence of drink/drugs — estar ebrio/drogado

    under the influence — hum borracho

    2.
    VT [+ person] influenciar, influir en; [+ action, decision] influir en or sobre

    what factors influenced your decision? — ¿qué factores influyeron en tu decisión?

    * * *

    I ['ɪnfluəns]
    a) c u ( effect)

    influence (ON somebody/something) — influencia f (sobre alguien/algo)

    to be under the influence of somebody/something — estar* bajo la influencia de alguien/algo

    he was already under the influence — (colloq) ya estaba borracho

    b) c ( power)

    influence (OVER/ON somebody/something) — influencia f (sobre alguien/algo)

    to have influence over somebody/something — tener* influencia or (frml) ascendiente sobre alguien/algo

    she's a good/bad influence on him — ejerce buena/mala influencia sobre él


    II
    transitive verb \<\<person/decision\>\> influir* en, influenciar

    English-spanish dictionary > influence

  • 2 under

    1. preposition
    1) (underneath, below) (indicating position) unter (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) unter (+ Akk.)

    from under the table/bed — unter dem Tisch/Bett hervor

    under treatment — in Behandlung

    under repair — in Reparatur

    fields under cultivation — bebaute Felder; see also academic.ru/20932/discussion">discussion 2); influence 1.; pain 1. 5)

    3) (in conditions of) bei [Stress, hohen Temperaturen usw.]
    4) (subject to) unter (+ Dat.)

    under the doctor, under doctor's orders — in ärztlicher Behandlung

    5) (in accordance with)

    under the terms of the contract/agreement — nach den Bestimmungen des Vertrags/Abkommens

    6) (with the use of) unter (+ Dat.)
    7) (less than) unter (+ Dat.)

    for under five pounds — für weniger als fünf Pfund; see also age 1. 1)

    2. adverb
    1) (in or to a lower or subordinate position) darunter

    stay under — (under water) unter Wasser bleiben; see also go under

    2) (in/into a state of unconsciousness)

    be under/put somebody under — in Narkose liegen/jemanden in Narkose versetzen

    * * *
    1. preposition
    1) (in or to a position lower than, or covered by: Your pencil is under the chair; Strange plants grow under the sea.) unter
    2) (less than, or lower in rank than: Children under five should not cross the street alone; You can do the job in under an hour.) unter,weniger als
    3) (subject to the authority of: As a foreman, he has about fifty workers under him.) unter
    4) (used to express various states: The fort was under attack; The business improved under the new management; The matter is under consideration/discussion.) unter,in
    2. adverb
    (in or to a lower position, rank etc: The swimmer surfaced and went under again; children aged seven and under.) (dar-)unter
    * * *
    un·der
    [ˈʌndəʳ, AM -ɚ]
    I. prep
    1. (below) unter + dat; with verbs of motion unter + akk
    he hid \under the bed er versteckte sich unterm Bett
    she put the thermometer \under my tongue sie steckte mir das Thermometer unter die Zunge
    \under water unter Wasser
    2. (supporting) unter + dat
    it felt good to have the earth \under my feet again es war schön, wieder festen Boden unter meinen Füßen zu haben
    3. (covered by) unter + dat
    he wore a white shirt \under his jacket unter seiner Jacke trug er ein weißes Hemd
    4. (one side to other) unter + dat
    a cold draught blew \under the door ein kalter Zug blies unter der Tür durch
    5. (less than) unter + dat
    all items cost \under a pound alle Artikel kosten weniger als ein Pfund
    \under a minute weniger als eine Minute
    6. (inferior to)
    to be \under sb unter jdm sein [o stehen
    7. (governed by) unter + dat
    the Colonel has hundreds of soldiers \under him dem Oberst unterstehen Hunderte von Soldaten
    they are \under strict orders sie haben strenge Anweisungen
    to be \under sb's influence unter jds Einfluss stehen
    \under the Romans unter römischer Herrschaft
    \under the supervision of sb unter jds Aufsicht
    8. (in condition/state of) unter + dat
    \under anaesthetic unter Betäubung [o Narkose]
    \under arrest/control/quarantine unter Arrest/Kontrolle/Quarantäne
    \under [no] circumstances unter [keinen] Umständen
    \under oath unter Eid
    \under pressure/stress unter Druck/Stress
    \under repair in Reparatur
    \under suspicion unter Verdacht
    9. (in accordance to) gemäß + dat
    \under our agreement gemäß unserer Vereinbarung
    10. (referred to as) unter + dat
    he writes \under a pseudonym er schreibt unter einem Pseudonym
    11. (in the category of) unter + dat
    you'll find that \under Goethe das finden Sie unter Goethe
    12. (during time of)
    \under Pisces/Virgo/Aries im Sternzeichen Fische/Jungfrau/Widder
    13.
    ▶ [already] \under way [bereits [o schon]] im Gange
    to get \under way anfangen, beginnen
    II. adv inv
    1. ( also fig: sink)
    to go \under untergehen a. fig
    thousands of companies went \under during the recession tausende Firmen machten während der Rezession Pleite
    2. (below specified age, amount)
    suitable for kids of five and \under geeignet für Kinder von fünf Jahren und darunter
    £30 and \under 30 Pfund und weniger
    3.
    ▶ to get out from \under sich akk aufrappeln fam
    III. adj pred, inv
    ▪ to be \under unter Narkose stehen
    * * *
    ['ʌndə(r)]
    1. prep
    1) (= beneath place) unter (+dat); (direction) unter (+acc)

    it's under there — es ist da drunter (inf)

    under barley — mit Gerste bebaut

    2) (= less than) unter (+dat)

    there were under 50 of them — es waren weniger als 50, es waren unter 50

    3) (= subordinate to, under influence of etc) unter (+dat)

    to study under sb —

    which doctor are you under? —

    it's classified under history — es ist unter "Geschichte" eingeordnet

    you'll find the number under "garages" — Sie finden die Nummer unter "Werkstätten"

    under sentence of death —

    4) (= according to) nach (+dat), gemäß (+dat), laut (+dat)
    2. adv
    1) (= beneath) unten; (= unconscious) bewusstlos
    2) (= less) darunter
    * * *
    under [ˈʌndə(r)]
    A präp
    1. allg unter (dat oder akk)
    2. (Lage) unter (dat), unterhalb von (oder gen):
    from under the table unter dem Tisch hervor
    3. (Richtung) unter (akk):
    4. unter (dat), am Fuße von (oder gen):
    5. (zeitlich) unter (dat), während:
    he lived under the Stuarts er lebte zur Zeit der Stuarts;
    under the date of unter dem Datum vom 1. Januar etc
    6. unter der Führung von (oder gen), auch MUS unter der Leitung von (oder gen), unter (dat):
    have sb under one jemanden unter sich haben
    7. unter (dat), unter dem Schutz von (oder gen), unter Zuhilfenahme von (oder gen):
    under arms unter Waffen;
    under darkness im Schutz der Dunkelheit
    8. unter (dat), geringer als, weniger als:
    persons under 40 (years of age) Personen unter 40 (Jahren);
    the under-thirties die Personen unter 30 Jahren;
    in under an hour in weniger als einer Stunde;
    he cannot do it under an hour er braucht mindestens eine Stunde dazu oder dafür;
    it cost him under £20 es kostete ihn weniger als 20 Pfund
    9. fig unter (dat):
    a criminal under sentence of death ein zum Tode verurteilter Verbrecher;
    under supervision unter Aufsicht;
    under alcohol unter Alkohol, alkoholisiert;
    under an assumed name unter einem angenommenen Namen
    10. gemäß, laut, nach:
    a) nach den gesetzlichen Bestimmungen,
    b) im Rahmen des Gesetzes;
    claims under a contract Forderungen aus einem Vertrag
    11. in (dat):
    under treatment in Behandlung
    12. bei:
    13. mit:
    under sb’s signature mit jemandes Unterschrift, (eigenhändig) von jemandem unterschrieben oder unterzeichnet
    B adv
    1. darunter, unter:
    children of five and under fünfjährige und jüngere Kinder. → go under, keep under, etc
    2. unten:
    as under wie unten (angeführt);
    a) sich herauswinden,
    b) den Verlust wettmachen
    C adj (oft in Zusammensetzungen)
    1. unter(er, e, es), Unter…:
    the under layers die unteren Schichten oder Lagen;
    the under surface die Unterseite
    2. unter(er, e, es), nieder(er, e, es), untergeordnet, Unter…:
    the under classes die unteren oder niederen Klassen
    3. (nur in Zusammensetzungen) ungenügend, zu gering: → underdose A, etc
    * * *
    1. preposition
    1) (underneath, below) (indicating position) unter (+ Dat.); (indicating motion) unter (+ Akk.)

    from under the table/bed — unter dem Tisch/Bett hervor

    fields under cultivation — bebaute Felder; see also discussion 2); influence 1.; pain 1. 5)

    3) (in conditions of) bei [Stress, hohen Temperaturen usw.]
    4) (subject to) unter (+ Dat.)

    under the doctor, under doctor's orders — in ärztlicher Behandlung

    under the terms of the contract/agreement — nach den Bestimmungen des Vertrags/Abkommens

    6) (with the use of) unter (+ Dat.)
    7) (less than) unter (+ Dat.)

    for under five pounds — für weniger als fünf Pfund; see also age 1. 1)

    2. adverb
    1) (in or to a lower or subordinate position) darunter

    stay under — (under water) unter Wasser bleiben; see also go under

    2) (in/into a state of unconsciousness)

    be under/put somebody under — in Narkose liegen/jemanden in Narkose versetzen

    * * *
    (with) full reserve to my rights n.
    unter Wahrung meiner Rechte m. adj.
    unten adj. prep.
    darunter präp.
    unter präp.

    English-german dictionary > under

  • 3 borracho

    adj.
    drunk, drunken, intoxicated, half seas over.
    m.
    1 drunkard, drunken person, barfly, dipsomaniac.
    2 grey gurnard, Chelidonichtys gurnardus, Eutrigla gurnardus.
    * * *
    1 (persona) drunk
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 drunkard, drunk
    \
    borracho,-a como una cuba blind drunk
    ————————
    * * *
    1. (f. - borracha)
    adj.
    2. (f. - borracha)
    noun
    drunk, drunkard
    * * *
    borracho, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) [persona]

    es muy borracho — he's a drunkard, he's a heavy drinker

    2) (=poseído) drunk, blind (de with)
    3) (Culin) [bizcocho] tipsy ( soaked in liqueur o spirit); [fruta] marinated
    4) [de color] violet
    2.
    SM / F drunkard, drunk
    * * *
    I
    - cha adjetivo
    a) [estar] drunk

    borracho de gloria/poder — drunk with glory/power

    b) [ser]

    es muy borracho — he is a drunkard o a heavy drinker

    II
    - cha masculino, femenino drunk; ( habitual) drunkard, drunk
    * * *
    = intoxicated, drunken, drunkard, under the influence, sauced up, wino, drunk.
    Ex. A few days ago, our library director was hit by a car driven by an intoxicated driver and suffered severe injuries.
    Ex. Women suffragists reaped an unexpected publicity bonanza when the 1913 national suffrage parade in Washington was broken up by a drunken mob.
    Ex. The writer discusses the designation of Jesus as a 'glutton and a drunkard'.
    Ex. He was being held without bail after his fifth arrest for operating under the influence.
    Ex. And because beer and wine are so expensive at the stadium, many of these fans are coming to the games already sauced up from tailgate drinking.
    Ex. These indigents, known to the public as tramps & skid row winos, are very visible & more likely to be arrested for drunkenness & other petty offenses than a person with a permanent home.
    Ex. Most innkeepers were crooks, the food was bad, and the inns were frequented by cutthroats and drunks.
    ----
    * borracho callejero = wino.
    * borracho como una cuba = pissed as a newt, pissed as a lord, drunk back, blind drunk.
    * conductor borracho = drink-driver.
    * estar borracho = be drunk, see + double.
    * estar completamente borracho = be drunk and incapable.
    * fiesta de borrachos = drunken party.
    * más borracho que una cuba = as drunk as a lord, as drunk as a skunk, as drunk as a newt.
    * tan borracho como una cuba = as drunk as a newt, as drunk as a lord, as drunk as a skunk.
    * * *
    I
    - cha adjetivo
    a) [estar] drunk

    borracho de gloria/poder — drunk with glory/power

    b) [ser]

    es muy borracho — he is a drunkard o a heavy drinker

    II
    - cha masculino, femenino drunk; ( habitual) drunkard, drunk
    * * *
    = intoxicated, drunken, drunkard, under the influence, sauced up, wino, drunk.

    Ex: A few days ago, our library director was hit by a car driven by an intoxicated driver and suffered severe injuries.

    Ex: Women suffragists reaped an unexpected publicity bonanza when the 1913 national suffrage parade in Washington was broken up by a drunken mob.
    Ex: The writer discusses the designation of Jesus as a 'glutton and a drunkard'.
    Ex: He was being held without bail after his fifth arrest for operating under the influence.
    Ex: And because beer and wine are so expensive at the stadium, many of these fans are coming to the games already sauced up from tailgate drinking.
    Ex: These indigents, known to the public as tramps & skid row winos, are very visible & more likely to be arrested for drunkenness & other petty offenses than a person with a permanent home.
    Ex: Most innkeepers were crooks, the food was bad, and the inns were frequented by cutthroats and drunks.
    * borracho callejero = wino.
    * borracho como una cuba = pissed as a newt, pissed as a lord, drunk back, blind drunk.
    * conductor borracho = drink-driver.
    * estar borracho = be drunk, see + double.
    * estar completamente borracho = be drunk and incapable.
    * fiesta de borrachos = drunken party.
    * más borracho que una cuba = as drunk as a lord, as drunk as a skunk, as drunk as a newt.
    * tan borracho como una cuba = as drunk as a newt, as drunk as a lord, as drunk as a skunk.

    * * *
    1 [ ESTAR] drunk
    borracho de gloria/poder/éxito drunk with glory/power/success
    2 [ SER]:
    es muy borracho he is a drunkard o a heavy drinker
    masculine, feminine
    drunk; (habitual) drunkard, drunk
    * * *

     

    borracho
    ◊ - cha adjetivo

    a) [estar] drunk

    b) [ser]:

    ◊ es muy borracho he is a drunkard o a heavy drinker

    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    drunk;
    ( habitual) drunkard, drunk
    borracho,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (ebrio) drunk
    estar borracho, to be drunk
    2 (bizcocho, pastel) with rum
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino drunkard, drunk
    ' borracho' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    borracha
    - ebria
    - ebrio
    - gatas
    - más
    - puesta
    - puesto
    - agravante
    - ahogado
    - bebido
    - chupado
    - colocado
    - curado
    - curda
    - despejar
    - embriagado
    - jalado
    - mamado
    - perdido
    - sobrio
    English:
    as
    - blind
    - blunder
    - bombed
    - boozed up
    - drunk
    - drunkard
    - drunken
    - intoxicated
    - loaded
    - obviously
    - paralytic
    - pissed
    - plastered
    - sloshed
    - smashed
    - sober
    - splash about
    - sway
    - tight
    - well
    * * *
    borracho, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [ebrio] drunk;
    Fam Fam
    ¡ni borracho! (absolutely) no way!;
    ¡no lo haría ni borracho! there's no way you'd get me doing that!
    2. [emocionado]
    borracho de [poder, éxito] drunk o intoxicated with;
    está borracho de ideas he's overflowing with ideas;
    estaba borracho de alegría he was wild with joy
    ♦ nm,f
    [persona] drunk
    ♦ nm
    [bizcocho] = sponge cake soaked in alcohol, ≈ baba (au rhum), Br rum baba
    * * *
    I adj drunk;
    borracho de poder drunk with power
    II m, borracha f drunk
    * * *
    borracho, - cha adj
    ebrio: drunk, intoxicated
    : drunk, drunkard
    * * *
    borracho adj n drunk

    Spanish-English dictionary > borracho

  • 4 być

    impf (jestem, jesteś, jest, jesteśmy, jesteście, są, byłem, byłeś, był, byliśmy, byliście, byli, będę, będziesz, będzie, będziemy, będziecie, będą) Ⅰ vi 1. (istnieć, żyć) to be
    - jest wielu znanych aktorów there are many well known actors
    - nie ma nikogo, kto mógłby to zrobić there’s no one who could do it
    - czy jest Bóg, czy go nie ma? does God exist, or not?
    - był sobie kiedyś stary król there was a. lived once an old king
    - nie było cię jeszcze wtedy na świecie this was before you were born
    - kiedy mnie już z wami nie będzie euf. when I am no more a. I am no longer with you euf.
    - myślę, więc jestem I think, therefore I am
    - być albo nie być to be or not to be
    - to dla nas być albo nie być this is our to be or not to be, this is our Waterloo
    - nie ma już dla niej ratunku nothing can save her now
    - jest wiele powodów do zadowolenia there’s good reason to be happy
    - nie ma obaw a. strachu pot. ! no problem! pot., not to worry! pot.
    - nie ma powodu do obaw there is no reason a. need to worry
    - są sprawy, których nigdy nie zrozumiesz there are (certain) things that you’ll never understand
    - nie ma co płakać/gadać it’s no use crying/talking (about it)
    - nie ma co żałować (there’s) no need to be sorry
    - nie ma co a. czego żałować it’s no great loss
    - nie ma czemu się dziwić, że… it’s no surprise a. wonder that…
    - nie ma o co się kłócić there’s nothing to quarrel about
    - nie ma czym się martwić/czego się bać there’s nothing to worry about/to be afraid of
    - nie ma z czego być dumnym (it’s) nothing to be proud of
    - nie ma z czego się cieszyć/śmiać there’s nothing to rejoice/to laugh about
    - „dziękuję za podwiezienie” – „nie ma za co” ‘thanks for the lift’ – ‘don’t mention it’ a. ‘you’re welcome‘
    - „przepraszam, że panu przerwałem” – „nie ma za co” ‘sorry I interrupted you’ – ‘that’s all right’
    - już cię/was nie ma! off with you!
    2. (przebywać, znajdować się) to be
    - być w pracy/szkole to be at work/at school
    - być w teatrze/na koncercie to be at the theatre/at a concert
    - teraz wychodzę, ale będę w domu o piątej I’m going out now, but I’ll be home at five
    - dzisiaj nie ma go w biurze he’s not in the office today
    - w pokoju nikogo nie ma/nie było there is/was no-one in the room
    - jest już piąta, a jego jak nie ma, tak nie ma it’s already five, and he’s still not here a. there’s still no trace of him
    - „czy jest Robert?” – „nie, nie ma go, jest jeszcze w szkole” ‘is Robert in?’ – ‘no, he’s not, he’s still at school’
    - „są jeszcze bilety na ostatni seans?” – „niestety, już nie ma” ‘do you still have tickets for the last showing?’ – ‘sorry, all sold out’
    - czy będziesz jutro w domu? ‘will you be at home a. in home tomorrow?’
    - kiedy (ona) będzie znowu w Warszawie? when will she be in Warsaw again?
    - byłem wczoraj u Roberta/u babci I was at Robert’s/granny’s yesterday, I went to see Robert/granny yesterday
    - był przy narodzinach swojej córki he was present at the birth of his daughter
    - nigdy nie byłem w Rosji I’ve never been to Russia
    - „skąd jesteś?” – „(jestem) z Krakowa/Polski” ‘where are you from?’ – ‘(I’m) from Cracow/Poland’
    - „gdzie jesteś?” – „tutaj!” ‘where are you?’ – ‘(I’m) here!’
    - „jestem!” (przy odczytywaniu listy) ‘here!’, ‘present’
    - będąc w Londynie, odwiedziłem Annę when a. while I was in London I went to see Anna
    - biblioteka jest w budynku głównym the library is in the main building
    - w jednym pudełku jest dziesięć bateryjek there are ten batteries in a packet
    - w domu nie było nic do jedzenia there was nothing to eat at home a. in the house
    - co jest w tym pudle? what’s in this box?
    - gdzie jest moja książka/najbliższa apteka? where’s my book/the nearest chemist’s?
    - co jest dzisiaj na lunch? what’s for lunch today?
    - wczoraj na kolację był dorsz there was cod for dinner yesterday
    - „dużo masz tych ziemniaków?” – „oj, będzie” pot. ‘got a lot of those spuds?’ – ‘loads’ pot.
    - będzie, będzie, więcej się nie zmieści pot. that’s plenty a. that’ll do, there’s no room for any more
    3. (trwać, stawać się) to be
    - jest godzina druga po południu it’s two in the afternoon a. two p.m.
    - nie ma jeszcze szóstej rano it’s not yet six a.m.
    - zanim dotrzemy do domu, będzie ósma wieczorem/północ it’ll be eight p.m./midnight by the time we reach home
    - był maj it was in May
    - to było w grudniu 1999 it was in December 1999
    - to było dawno, dawno temu this was a long, long time ago
    - jest piękny ranek it’s a fine morning
    - jest mroźno/upalnie it’s nippy/hot
    - wczoraj był deszcz/mróz it was raining/freezing yesterday
    - ciekawe, czy jutro będzie pogoda I wonder if it’s going to be fine tomorrow
    - nie pamiętam dokładnie, to było dość dawno temu I can’t really remember, it was some time ago
    - z niego jeszcze coś będzie he’ll turn out all right
    - co z niego będzie? how will he turn out?, what will become of him?
    - będzie z niego dobry pracownik he’ll be a good worker
    - kuchmistrz to z ciebie nie będzie you’ll never make a chef
    - z tych kwiatów nic już nie będzie these flowers/plants have had it pot.
    - z naszych planów/wakacji nic nie będzie nothing will come of our plans/holidays
    - nic z tego nie będzie it’s hopeless
    - nic dobrego z tego nie będzie nothing good will come of it
    - tyle pracy i nic z tego nie ma (he’s done) so much work and nothing to show for it
    4. (odbywać się, zdarzać się) to be
    - koncert/egzamin jest jutro the concert/exam is tomorrow
    - zebranie było w sali konferencyjnej the meeting was (held) in the conference room
    - jutro nie będzie a. nie ma lekcji there are no classes tomorrow
    - był do ciebie telefon there was a phone call for you
    - czy były do mnie jakieś telefony? has anyone called me?
    - był wypadek w kopalni there was an accident in the mine
    - co będzie, jeśli nie zdasz egzaminu? what’s going to happen if you fail the exam?
    - co będzie, jeśli ktoś nas zobaczy? supposing a. what if someone sees us?
    - nie martw się, wszystko będzie dobrze don’t worry, it’ll be a. it’s going to be fine
    - w życiu bywa rozmaicie you never know what life may bring
    - opowiedziałem jej wszystko, tak jak było I told her everything just as it happened
    - co ci/jej jest? what’s the matter with you/her?
    - coś mi/jemu jest something’s the matter with me/him
    - czy jemu coś jest? is anything the matter with him?
    - nic mu nie będzie, to tylko przeziębienie he’ll be fine, it’s only a cold
    5. (uczestniczyć, uczęszczać) to be
    - być na weselu/zebraniu to be at a wedding/meeting
    - wczoraj byliśmy na przyjęciu we were at a reception yesterday
    - być w liceum/na uniwersytecie to be at secondary school/at university
    - być na studiach to be a student a. at college
    - być na prawie/medycynie to study law/medicine
    - był na trzecim roku anglistyki he was in his third year in the English department
    - być na kursie komputerowym to be on a computer course
    - być na wojnie to go to war
    6. (przybyć) to be, to come
    - być pierwszym/drugim to be the first/second to arrive
    - był na mecie trzeci he came third
    - czy był już listonosz? has the postman been a. come yet?
    7. (znajdować się w jakimś stanie) to be
    - być pod urokiem/wrażeniem kogoś/czegoś to be charmed/impressed by sb/sth
    - być pod wpływem kogoś/czegoś to be under the influence of sb/sth
    - prowadzić samochód, będąc pod wpływem alkoholu to drive while under the influence of alcohol
    - być w ciąży to be pregnant
    - być w dobrym/złym humorze to be in a good/bad mood
    - nie być w nastroju do zabawy not to feel like going out a. partying
    - być w doskonałej formie to be in excellent form a. in fine fettle
    - być w strachu to be scared
    - być w rozpaczy to be in despair
    - bądźmy dobrej myśli let’s hope for the best
    - jestem przed obiadem I haven’t had my lunch yet
    - jestem już po śniadaniu I’ve already had breakfast
    - był siedem lat po studiach he had graduated seven years earlier
    - być po kielichu/po paru kieliszkach pot. to have had a drop/a few euf.
    - być na diecie to be on a diet
    - być na kaszce a. kleiku to be on a diet of gruel
    - być na emeryturze/rencie to be on a pension
    - sukienka jest do kolan the dress is knee-length
    - wody było do kostek the water was ankle-deep
    - firanka była do połowy okna the net curtain reached halfway down the window
    - chwila nieuwagi i było po wazonie one unguarded moment and the vase was smashed to pieces
    - jest już po nim/nas! it’s curtains for him/us! pot.
    - jeszcze chwila i byłoby po mnie another instant and it would have been curtains for me a. would have been all up with me pot.
    Ⅱ v aux. 1. (łącznik w orzeczeniu złożonym) to be
    - być nauczycielem/malarzem to be a teacher/painter
    - kiedy dorosnę, będę aktorem when I grow up, I’ll be an actor
    - być Polakiem/Duńczykiem to be Polish/Danish
    - borsuk jest drapieżnikiem the badger is a predator
    - nie bądź dzieckiem! don’t be childish a. such a child!
    - jestem Anna Kowalska I’m Anna Kowalska
    - „cześć, to ty jesteś Robert?” – „nie, jestem Adam” ‘hi, are you Robert? a. you’re Robert, are you?’ – ‘no, I’m Adam’
    - co to jest – ma cztery nogi i robi „miau”? what (is it that) has four legs and says ‘miaow’?
    - była wysoka/niska she was tall/short
    - jest autorką cenioną przez wszystkich she’s an author appreciated by all a. everybody
    - mój dziadek był podobno bardzo przystojnym mężczyzną my grandfather is said to have been a very handsome man
    - wciąż jest taka, jaką była za młodu she’s still her old self
    - kwiaty były żółte i czerwone the flowers were yellow and red
    - pizza była całkiem dobra the pizza was quite good
    - pojemnik był z drewna/plastiku the container was made of wood/plastic
    - z tych listewek byłby ładny latawiec these slats could make a fine kite
    - wszystko to były jedynie domysły it was all only conjecture
    - czyj jest ten samochód? whose car is this?, who does this car belong to?
    - ta książka jest jej/Adama this book is hers/Adam’s, this is her/Adam’s book
    - żona była dla niego wszystkim his wife was everything to him
    - nie naśladuj innych, bądź sobą don’t imitate others, be yourself
    - ta zupa jest zimna this soup is cold
    - Maria jest niewidoma Maria is blind
    - jesteś głodny? are you hungry?
    - Robert jest żonaty/rozwiedziony Robert is married/divorced
    - są małżeństwem od dziesięciu lat they’ve been married for ten years
    - bądź dla niej miły be nice to her
    - bądź tak dobry a. uprzejmy would you mind
    - bądź tak miły i otwórz okno would you mind opening the window?
    - czy byłaby pani uprzejma podać mi sól would you be kind enough a. would you be so kind as to pass me the salt?
    - nie bądź głupi! don’t be a fool!
    - cicho bądź! be quiet!
    - być w kapeluszu/kaloszach/spodniach to be wearing a hat/rubber boots/trousers
    - była w zielonym żakiecie/czarnym berecie she was wearing a green jacket/black beret, she had a green jacket/black beret on
    - być za kimś/czymś (opowiadać się) to support sb/sth, to be for sb/sth
    - byłem za tym, żeby nikomu nic nie mówić I was for not telling anyone anything
    - dwa razy dwa jest cztery two times two is four
    2. (w stronie biernej) artykuł jest dobrze napisany the article is well written
    - ściany pokoju były pomalowane na różowo the walls of the room were painted pink
    - dzieci, które są maltretowane przez rodziców children who are abused by their parents
    - tak jest napisane w gazecie that’s what it says in the paper
    - samochód będzie naprawiony jutro the car will be repaired by tomorrow
    - to musi być zrobione do czwartku this must be done by Thursday
    - sukienka była uszyta z czarnej wełenki the dress was made of black wool
    3. (w czasie przyszłym złożonym) shall, will
    - będzie pamiętał a. pamiętać tę scenę przez cały życie he will remember this scene all his life
    - będziemy długo go wspominali a. wspominać we shall a. will long remember him
    4. przest. (w czasie zaprzeszłym) w Krakowie mieszkał był przed trzema laty he would have been living a. was living in Cracow three years ago 5. (w trybie warunkowym) byłbym napisał a. napisałbym był do ciebie, gdybym znał twój adres I would have written to you, had I known your address a. if I had known your address
    - co by się było stało, gdyby nie jego pomoc what would have happened if it hadn’t been for his help
    - byłaby spadła ze schodów (omal nie) she almost fell down the stairs
    - byłbym zapomniał! zabierz ze sobą śpiwór I almost a. nearly forgot! take a sleeping bag with you
    6. (w zwrotach nieosobowych) było już późno it was already late
    - jest dopiero wpół do ósmej it’s only half past seven
    - nie było co jeść there was nothing to eat
    - za ciepło będzie ci w tym swetrze you’ll be too hot in this jumper
    - byłoby przyjemnie zjeść razem obiad it would be nice to have lunch together
    - wychodzić po zmierzchu było niebezpiecznie it was dangerous going out after dark
    - nie kupić tego mieszkania będzie niewybaczalnym błędem not to buy that a. the flat would be an inexcusable mistake
    - z chorym było źle/coraz gorzej the patient was bad/getting worse
    - z dziadkiem jest nienajlepiej grandfather is poorly
    - wszystko będzie na niego he’ll get all the blame
    - żeby nie było na mnie I don’t want to get the blame
    - na imię było jej Maria her name was Maria
    - było dobrze po północy it was well after midnight
    - będzie z godzinę/trzy lata temu an hour or so/some three years ago
    - będzie kwadrans jak wyszedł he must have left fifteen minutes or so ago, it’s been fifteen minutes or so since he left
    - do najbliższego sklepu będzie ze trzy kilometry it’s a good three kilometres to the nearest shop
    - nie ma tu gdzie usiąść there’s nowhere here to sit
    - w tym mieście na ma dokąd pójść wieczorem there’s nowhere to go at night in this town
    - nie ma komu posprzątać/zrobić zakupy there’s no-one to clean/to do shopping
    - nie ma z kim się bawić there’s no-one to play with
    7. (z czasownikami niewłaściwymi) to be
    - trzeba było coś z tym zrobić something had to be done about it
    - trzeba było od razu tak mówić why didn’t you say so in the first place?
    - czytać można było tylko przy świecach one could read only by candlelight
    - jest gorzej niż można było przypuszczać it’s worse than might have been expected
    ■ bądź zdrów! (pożegnanie) goodbye!, take care!
    - być bez forsy/przy forsie pot. to be penniless/flush pot.
    - być do niczego (bezużyteczny) [osoba, przedmiot] to be useless a. no good; (chory, słaby) [osoba] to be poorly a. out of sorts
    - być może perhaps, maybe
    - być może nam się uda perhaps we’ll succeed
    - być może a. może być, że… it may happen that…
    - być niczym [osoba] to be a nobody
    - znałem ją, kiedy jeszcze była nikim I knew her when she was still a nobody
    - być przy nadziei a. być w poważnym a. odmiennym a. błogosławionym stanie książk. to be in an interesting condition a. in the family way przest.; to have a bun in the oven euf., pot.
    - było nie było (tak czy owak) when all’s said and done, after all; (niech się dzieje co chce) come what may, be that as it may
    - było nie było, to już ćwierć wieku od naszego ślubu when all’s said and done a. after all, it’s twenty-five years since we got married
    - było nie było, idę pogadać z szefem o podwyżce come what may, I’m going to the boss to talk about a rise
    - było siedzieć w domu/nie pożyczać mu pieniędzy pot. serves you right, you should have stayed at home/shouldn’t have lent him money
    - było nic mu nie mówić you should have told him nothing
    - co będzie, to będzie whatever will be, will be
    - co było, to było let bygones be bygones
    - co jest? pot. what’s up? pot.
    - co jest, do jasnej cholery? dlaczego nikt nie otwiera? what the hell’s going on? – why doesn’t anyone open the door? pot.
    - co jest? przyjacielowi paru groszy żałujesz? what’s wrong? – can’t spare a friend a few pence? pot.
    - coś w tym jest a. coś w tym musi być there must be something in it
    - coś w tym musi być, że wszyscy dyrektorzy będą na tym zebraniu there must be something in it, if all the directors are going to the meeting
    - jakoś to będzie things’ll a. it’ll work out somehow pot.
    - nie ma co a. rady oh well
    - nie ma co, trzeba brać się do roboty oh well, time to do some work
    - nie ma co! well, well!
    - mieszkanie, nie ma co, widne i ustawne well, well, not a bad flat, airy and well laid out
    - ładnie się spisałeś, nie ma co! iron. well, well, you’ve done it now, haven’t you!
    - nie ma (to) jak kuchnia domowa/kieliszek zimnej wódki nothing beats a. you can’t beat home cooking/a glass of cold vodka
    - nie ma (to) jak muzyka klasyczna give me classical music every time
    - nie ma to jak wakacje! there’s nothing like a holiday!
    - nie może być! (niedowierzanie) I don’t believe it!, you don’t say!
    - niech będzie! oh well!
    - niech ci/wam będzie! have it your own way!
    - niech mu/jej będzie! let him/her have his/her own way!
    - niech tak będzie! (zgoda) so be it!
    - tak jest! (owszem) (that’s) right!
    - „to jest pańskie ostatnie słowo” – „tak jest, ostatnie” ‘is that your final word?’ – ‘yes, it is’, ‘that’s right’
    - tak jest, panie pułkowniku/generale! Wojsk. yes, sir!
    - to jest książk. that is, that is to say
    - główne gałęzie przemysłu, to jest górnictwo i hutnictwo the main branches of industry, that is (to say) mining and metallurgy
    * * *
    (jestem, jesteś); pl jesteśmy; pl jesteście; pl są; imp bądź; pt był, była, byli; sg fut będę; sg fut; będziesz; vi

    jestem! — present!, here!

    jest ciepło/zimno — it's warm/cold

    jest mi zimno/przykro — I'm cold/sorry

    będę pamiętać lub pamiętał — I will remember

    co będzie, jeśli nie przyjdą? — what will happen if they don't come?

    nie może być! — this lub it can't be!

    tak jest! — yes, sir!

    jestem za +instr /przeciw być — +dat I am for/against

    * * *
    I.
    być1
    ipf.
    1. (= znajdować się w jakimś stanie l. miejscu) be; (= istnieć) exist, be there; być na diecie be on a diet; być na emeryturze be retired; jestem po robocie I'm finished l. done with work (for today); pewnego razu był sobie król... once upon a time there lived a king...; w ogrodzie były róże there were roses in the garden; w Galaktyce są miliardy gwiazd there are billions of stars in the Galaxy; ile ich jest? how many of them are there?; być w kinie be at the theater; być na wycieczce be on a trip; być w Warszawie be in Warsaw; być u babci na wsi be at grandma's house in the country; być z kimś sam na sam be one on one with sb; od świtu jestem na nogach I have been on my feet all day; Ewa jest na ostatnich nogach Eva is ready to drop l. dead on her feet; jesteś na drodze do zawału you are on the road to a heart attack; wszystko jest na swoim miejscu everything is in its place; to było nie na miejscu that was out of line; być na ustach całego miasteczka be on the lips of everyone in town; być jedną nogą na tamtym świecie have one foot in the grave; co dzisiaj będzie na obiad? what's for supper today?; wszystko jest pod ręką we have everything right at hand; być u steru przen. be at the wheel; no to jestem w domu (= zrozumiałem) that hits home; być w latach l. w leciech be up in one's years; być w sile wieku be in one's prime; być w opałach be in a bind; teraz wszystko jest w twoich rękach now everything is in your hands l. up to you; być w siódmym niebie be in seventh heaven; być w swoim żywiole be in one's element; być na zebraniu be at a meeting; być na wojnie be (fighting) in a war; być na studiach be at college; być na anglistyce be in the English Department; nigdy nie byłem w Chicago I've never been to Chicago; Adam jest pod pantoflem swojej żony Adam is henpecked; być nie w sosie be in a bad mood; jest gaz i woda we have gas and water; jestem takiego samego zdania I'm of the same opinion; jestem dobrej myśli I'm hoping for the best; jest mi u ciebie tak dobrze I feel so good at your place; jest mi głupio I feel stupid; to jest do niczego it's no good; być górą be on top; to nie jest czas po temu this is not the time for that; to nie jest mi na rękę this is inconvenient (for me); to nie jest po mojej myśli that's not what I intended l. what I had in mind; jestem pod wrażeniem I'm impressed; jestem bez pieniędzy I'm broke; jestem w ciąży I'm pregnant; Ewa jest przy nadziei przest. Eva is in the family way; jestem na służbie I'm on duty; byliśmy na spacerze we were taking a walk; dobrze wiesz, że jesteś na mojej łasce you know fully well that you're at my mercy; czy jesteś w stanie mnie zrozumieć? are you able to understand me?; jestem w dobrym humorze I'm in a good mood; byliśmy w kłopocie, co zrobić z... we couldn't figure out what to do with...; Ewa przez moment była w rozterce for a moment Ewa was in a dilemma; Ewa jest z Adamem w przyjaźni Ewa is friends with Adam; po czyjej jesteś stronie? whose side are you on?; Adam jest w porządku Adam is OK l. alright; to nie jest w moim guście that's not my style; jestem na bakier z gramatyką I haven't a clue about grammar; z teściową jestem na złej stopie I'm on bad terms with my mother-in-law; z prezesem jestem na ty I'm on a first name basis with the president; jestem za reformą I'm for the reform; oni są z sobą za pan brat they are on familiar terms; jestem z Ewą po słowie przest. I'm engaged to Eve.
    2. ( część orzeczenia imiennego) jestem studentem I am a student; byłam piosenkarką I was a singer; będę generałem I will be a general; ta dziewczyna jest ładna that girl is pretty; samochód jest ojca that's father's car; ten długopis nie jest mój this pen isn't mine; bądź zdrów! get well!; jesteś dla mnie niczym! you mean nothing to me; on nie był sobą he wasn't himself; dwa razy dwa jest cztery two plus two is l. equals four.
    3. ( w zdaniach bezosobowych) (= zdarzać się) jest piękny dzień it's a beautiful day; był kwiecień it was April; było to dość dawno it was l. happened quite a long time ago; był do ciebie telefon you had a call; było już późno it was getting late; nie ma co jeść there's nothing to eat; będzie z godzinę temu, jak... it's been an hour since...; a co będzie ze mną? what will happen to me?; ciekaw jestem, co z niego będzie I'm curious (about) what will become of him; jeżeli tak jest if it is so; być może maybe, perhaps; co będzie, to będzie come what may; co było, to było let bygones be bygones; jakoś to (w końcu) będzie thing's will turn out fine (in the end); co ci jest? what's wrong l. the matter with you?; z tej mąki nie będzie chleba it's hopeless; nie może być that's impossible; jest już po nim it's too late for him; he's done for; he's a goner l. a has-been; co było, a nie jest, nie pisze się w rejestr what's done is done; tak jest! exactly!, precisely!, that's right; wojsk. yes, sir!; to jest (= czyli) that is; było nie było whatever happens; no matter what (happens).
    II.
    być2
    ipf.
    1. tylko będę będziesz itd. ( w formach czasu przyszłego) will (be); będę pamiętał o tym I'll remember that; dzieci będą w ogrodzie the kids will be in the garden; będziemy śpiewać kolędy we're going to sing carols.
    2. ( w formach strony biernej) dom był sprzedany za... the house was sold for...; jesteś obserwowany you are being watched; droga jest już naprawiona the road has been repaired.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > być

  • 5 fall

    1. noun
    1) (act or manner of falling) Fallen, das; (of person) Sturz, der

    fall of snow/rain — Schnee-/Regenfall, der

    2) (collapse, defeat) Fall, der; (of dynasty, empire) Untergang, der; (of government) Sturz, der
    3) (slope) Abfall, der (to zu, nach)
    4) (Amer.): (autumn) Herbst, der
    2. intransitive verb,
    1) fallen; [Person:] [hin]fallen, stürzen; [Pferd:] stürzen

    fall off something, fall down from something — von etwas [herunter]fallen

    fall down [into] something — in etwas (Akk.) [hinein]fallen

    fall down dead — tot umfallen

    fall down the stairs — die Treppe herunter-/hinunterfallen

    fall [flat] on one's face — (lit. or fig.) auf die Nase fallen (ugs.)

    fall into the trap — in die Falle gehen

    fall from a great height — aus großer Höhe abstürzen

    rain/snow is falling — es regnet/schneit

    2) (fig.) [Nacht, Dunkelheit:] hereinbrechen; [Abend:] anbrechen; [Stille:] eintreten
    3) (fig.): (be uttered) fallen
    4) (become detached) [Blätter:] [ab]fallen

    fall out — [Haare, Federn:] ausfallen

    5) (sink to lower level) sinken; [Barometer:] fallen; [Absatz, Verkauf:] zurückgehen

    fall into sin/temptation — eine Sünde begehen/der Versuchung er- od. unterliegen

    6) (subside) [Wasserspiegel, Gezeitenhöhe:] fallen; [Wind:] sich legen
    7) (show dismay)

    his/her face fell — er/sie machte ein langes Gesicht (ugs.)

    8) (be defeated) [Festung, Stadt:] fallen; [Monarchie, Regierung:] gestürzt werden; [Reich:] untergehen
    9) (perish) [Soldat:] fallen
    10) (collapse, break) einstürzen

    fall to pieces, fall apart — [Buch, Wagen:] auseinander fallen

    fall apart at the seams — an den Nähten aufplatzen

    11) (come by chance, duty, etc.) fallen (to an + Akk.)

    it fell to me or to my lot to do it — das Los, es tun zu müssen, hat mich getroffen

    fall into decay — [Gebäude:] verfallen

    fall into a swoon or faint — in Ohnmacht fallen

    12) [Auge, Strahl, Licht, Schatten:] fallen ( upon auf + Akk.)
    13) (have specified place) liegen (on, to auf + Dat., within in + Dat.)

    fall into or under a category — in od. unter eine Kategorie fallen

    14) (occur) fallen (on auf + Akk.)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/26285/fall_about">fall about
    * * *
    [fo:l] 1. past tense - fell; verb
    1) (to go down from a higher level usually unintentionally: The apple fell from the tree; Her eye fell on an old book.) fallen
    2) ((often with over) to go down to the ground etc from an upright position, usually by accident: She fell (over).) fallen
    3) (to become lower or less: The temperature is falling.) fallen
    4) (to happen or occur: Easter falls early this year.) stattfinden
    5) (to enter a certain state or condition: She fell asleep; They fell in love.) fallen
    6) ((formal: only with it as subject) to come as one's duty etc: It falls to me to take care of the children.) überlassen bleiben
    2. noun
    1) (the act of falling: He had a fall.) der Sturz
    2) ((a quantity of) something that has fallen: a fall of snow.) der Fall
    3) (capture or (political) defeat: the fall of Rome.) der Fall
    4) ((American) the autumn: Leaves change colour in the fall.) der Herbst
    •
    - falls
    - fallout
    - his
    - her face fell
    - fall away
    - fall back
    - fall back on
    - fall behind
    - fall down
    - fall flat
    - fall for
    - fall in with
    - fall off
    - fall on/upon
    - fall out
    - fall short
    - fall through
    * * *
    [fɔ:l, AM esp fɑ:l]
    I. NOUN
    1. (tumble, drop) Fall m; (harder) Sturz m
    she broke her leg in the \fall sie brach sich bei dem Sturz das Bein
    to break sb's \fall jds Sturz abfangen
    to have a \fall hinfallen; (harder) stürzen
    to take a \fall stürzen; (from a horse) vom Pferd fallen
    to have [or take] a nasty \fall schwer stürzen
    2. no pl (descent) Fallen nt; of leaves Herabfallen nt geh; (drop) of an axe, a guillotine Herunterfallen nt; of a level also [Ab]sinken nt
    the audience roared at the \fall of the curtain das Publikum brüllte, als der Vorhang fiel
    at the \fall of the tide bei Ebbe f
    the rise and \fall of the tide Ebbe und Flut
    3. METEO, GEOG
    \fall of earth Erdrutsch m
    [heavy] \falls of rain/snow [heftige] Regen-/Schneefälle
    \fall of rock Steinschlag m
    4. SPORT (in wrestling) Schultersieg m
    5. no pl (slope) Gefälle nt
    6. no pl (decrease) Rückgang m (in + gen); in support Nachlassen nt (in + gen); in a level also Sinken nt (in + gen)
    there was a \fall in support for his party at the last election die Unterstützung für seine Partei hat bei den letzten Wahlen nachgelassen
    \fall in demand/price/temperature Nachfrage-/Preis-/Temperaturrückgang m
    there has been a slight \fall in the price of petrol der Benzinpreis ist leicht zurückgegangen
    sudden \fall in price Preissturz m
    \fall in pressure Druckabfall m
    \fall in moral standards Verfall m der Sitten
    a sharp \fall in temperature ein Temperaturabfall m, ein Temperatursturz m
    \fall in value Wertverlust m
    7. no pl (defeat) of a city Einnahme f; of a dictator, regime Sturz m
    the \fall of the Berlin Wall/Iron Curtain der Fall der Berliner Mauer/des Eisernen Vorhangs
    the \fall of Constantinople die Eroberung Konstantinopels
    the \fall of the Roman Empire der Untergang des Römischen Reiches
    \fall from power Entmachtung f
    ▪ the F\fall [of Man] der Sündenfall
    9. AM (autumn) Herbst m
    10. (waterfall)
    ▪ \falls pl Wasserfall m
    [the] Victoria F\falls die Viktoriafälle
    11.
    ▶ to be as innocent as Adam before the F\fall ( saying) so unschuldig sein wie Adam vor dem Sündenfall
    ▶ to take a [or the] \fall for sb/sth AM ( fam) für jdn/etw die Schuld auf sich akk nehmen, für jdn/etw einstehen
    AM (sun, weather) Herbst-
    \fall clothing Herbstkleidung f
    \fall collection Herbstkollektion f
    \fall plowing Wintersaat f
    <fell, fallen>
    1. (drop, tumble) fallen; (harder) stürzen; (topple) person hinfallen; (harder) stürzen; tree, post, pillar umfallen; (harder) umstürzen
    he fell badly and broke his arm er stürzte schwer und brach sich den Arm
    the bridge fell into the river die Brücke stürzte ins Wasser
    her horse fell at a fence ihr Pferd blieb an einem Hindernis hängen
    the bomb fell on the church and totally destroyed it die Bombe fiel auf die Kirche und zerstörte sie vollständig
    the picture's \fallen behind the piano das Bild ist hinter das Klavier gefallen
    to \fall into sb's/each other's arms jdm/sich in die Arme fallen
    to \fall into bed ins Bett fallen
    to \fall under a bus/train unter einen Bus/Zug geraten
    to \fall to one's death in den Tod stürzen
    to \fall flat on one's face aufs Gesicht [o fam auf die Nase] fallen
    to \fall on the floor/to the ground auf den Boden fallen
    to \fall to one's knees auf die Knie fallen
    to \fall down dead tot umfallen
    2. (hang) fallen
    to \fall loosely locker fallen
    ▪ to \fall around/on/to sth auf etw akk fallen [o geh herabhängen]
    his hair fell around his shoulders in golden curls sein Haar fiel ihm in goldenen Locken auf die Schulter
    her hair fell to her waist ihr Haar reichte ihr bis zur Taille
    ▪ to \fall into sth in etw akk fallen
    a curl/a strand of hair fell into her face eine Locke/Strähne fiel ihr ins Gesicht
    3. (descend) fallen; light, shadow
    ▪ to \fall across/on/over sth auf etw akk fallen; blow, weapon
    ▪ to \fall on sb/sth jdn/etw treffen; ( fig) darkness, night hereinbrechen; ( fig) silence
    ▪ to \fall on sb/sth jdn/etw überfallen
    the audience was still laughing as the curtain fell als der Vorhang fiel, lachte das Publikum immer noch
    the snow had been \falling all day es hatte den ganzen Tag über geschneit
    more rain had \fallen overnight über Nacht hatte es noch mehr geregnet
    darkness \falls early in the tropics in den Tropen wird es früh dunkel
    night was already \falling es begann bereits dunkel zu werden
    the blows continued to \fall on him die Schläge prasselten weiter auf ihn nieder
    the axe looks likely to \fall on 500 jobs 500 Stellen werden wahrscheinlich gestrichen werden
    silence fell on the group of men [ein] Schweigen überfiel die Männer
    4. (slope) [steil] abfallen
    5. (decrease) sinken; price, temperature, pressure, value also fallen; demand, sales, numbers also zurückgehen; ( fig) barometer fallen
    water supplies have \fallen to danger levels der Wasservorrat ist auf einen gefährlich niedrigen Stand abgesunken
    the attendance fell well below the expected figure die Besucherzahlen blieben weit hinter den erwarteten Zahlen zurück
    church attendance has \fallen dramatically die Anzahl der Kirchenbesucher ist drastisch zurückgegangen [o gesunken]
    \falling prices pl Preisrückgang m
    6. (be defeated) government, regime, politician gestürzt werden; empire untergehen; city, town eingenommen werden, fallen
    to \fall from power seines Amtes enthoben werden
    ▪ to \fall to sb jdm in die Hände fallen
    Basildon finally fell to Labour at the last election Basildon fiel in der letzten Wahl Labour zu
    7. (lose a position, status) fallen
    to \fall in the charts/the table in den Charts/der Tabelle fallen
    to have \fallen to the bottom of the league table ganz unten in der Tabelle stehen
    to \fall in sb's estimation in jds Achtung sinken
    8. (fail)
    to stand or \fall on sth mit etw dat stehen und fallen
    the proposal will stand or \fall on the possible tax breaks der Vorschlag wird mit den zu erwartenden Steuervergünstigungen stehen und fallen
    9. ( liter: die in a battle) fallen
    10. (be) liegen
    Easter \falls early/late this year Ostern ist dieses Jahr früh/spät
    this year, my birthday \falls on a Monday diese Jahr fällt mein Geburtstag auf einen Montag
    the accent \falls on the second syllable der Akzent liegt auf der zweiten Silbe
    11. (belong)
    ▪ to \fall into sth in etw akk fallen
    to \fall into a category/class in [o unter] eine Kategorie/Klasse fallen
    ▪ to \fall outside sth nicht in etw akk fallen
    this matter \falls outside the area for which we are responsible diese Sache fällt nicht in unseren Zuständigkeitsbereich
    ▪ to \fall under sth in etw akk fallen
    that side of the business \falls under my department dieser Geschäftsteil fällt in meinen Zuständigkeitsbereich
    that \falls under the heading... das fällt unter die Rubrik...
    ▪ to \fall within sth in etw akk fallen
    any offence committed in this state \falls within the jurisdiction of this court jedes Vergehen, das in diesem Staat begangen wird, fällt in den Zuständigkeitsbereich dieses Gerichts
    12. (be divided)
    ▪ to \fall into sth sich in etw akk gliedern
    the text \falls into three sections der Text gliedert sich in drei Kategorien
    to \fall prey [or victim] to sb/sth jdm/etw zum Opfer fallen
    to \fall asleep einschlafen
    to \fall due fällig sein
    to \fall foul of sb mit jdm Streit bekommen
    to \fall foul of a law [or regulation] ein Gesetz übertreten
    to \fall ill [or sick] krank werden
    to \fall open aufklappen
    to \fall silent verstummen
    to \fall vacant frei werden
    14. (enter a particular state)
    to \fall into debt sich akk verschulden
    to \fall into disrepair [or decay] verkommen
    to \fall into disrepute in Misskredit geraten
    to \fall into disuse nicht mehr benutzt werden
    to \fall into error/sin REL sich akk versündigen
    to \fall out of favour [or AM favor] [with sb] [bei jdm] nicht mehr gefragt sein
    to \fall into the habit of doing sth sich dat angewöhnen, etw zu tun
    to \fall into hysterics sich akk vor Lachen kringeln fam
    to \fall under the influence of sb/sth unter den Einfluss einer Person/einer S. gen geraten
    to \fall in love [with sb/sth] sich akk [in jdn/etw] verlieben
    to \fall out of love [with sb/sth] nicht mehr [in jdn/etw] verliebt sein
    to \fall into a reflective mood ins Grübeln kommen
    to have \fallen under the spell of sb/sth von jdm/etw verzaubert sein
    15.
    ▶ to \fall on deaf ears auf taube Ohren stoßen
    ▶ to \fall out of one's dress ( fam) aus allen Wolken fallen fam
    ▶ sb's face fell jd machte ein langes Gesicht
    ▶ to \fall into the hands [or clutches] of sb jdm in die Hände fallen
    ▶ to \fall on hard times harte Zeiten durchleben
    ▶ to \fall in [or into] line [with sth] sich akk [etw dat] anpassen
    ▶ to \fall to pieces plan, relationship in die Brüche gehen; person zerbrechen
    ▶ to \fall into place (work out) sich akk von selbst ergeben; (make sense) einen Sinn ergeben, [einen] Sinn machen fam
    ▶ to \fall short [of sth] etw nicht erreichen
    ▶ to \fall short of sb's expectations hinter jds Erwartungen zurückbleiben
    ▶ to \fall on stony ground auf felsigen Grund fallen liter
    ▶ to \fall among thieves ( old) unter die Räuber fallen veraltet
    ▶ to \fall into a/sb's trap in die/jdm in die Falle gehen
    I was afraid that I might be \falling into a trap ich hatte Angst, in eine Falle zu laufen
    they fell into the trap of overestimating their own ability sie haben ihre eigenen Fähigkeiten völlig überschätzt
    ▶ to \fall to a whisper in einen Flüsterton verfallen
    * * *
    [fɔːl] vb: pret fell, ptp fallen
    1. n
    1) (lit, fig: tumble) Fall m no pl, Sturz m; (= decline of empire etc) Untergang m

    to have a fall — (hin)fallen, stürzen

    2) (= defeat of town, fortress etc) Einnahme f, Eroberung f; (of Troy) Fall m; (of country) Zusammenbruch m; (of government) Sturz m
    3)

    fall of rain/snow — Regen-/Schneefall m

    4) (of night) Einbruch m
    5) (= lowering) Sinken nt; (in temperature) Abfall m, Sinken nt; (sudden) Sturz m; (of barometer) Fallen nt; (sudden) Sturz m; (in wind) Nachlassen nt; (in revs, population, membership) Abnahme f; (in graph) Abfall m; (in morals) Verfall m; (of prices, currency, gradual) Sinken nt; (sudden) Sturz m
    6) (= slope of roof, ground) Gefälle nt; (steeper) Abfall m
    7) (= waterfall also falls) Wasserfall m
    8) (WRESTLING) Schultersieg m
    9) (= hang of curtains etc) Fall m
    10) (US: autumn) Herbst m

    in the fall — im Herbst

    2. vi
    1) (lit, fig: tumble) fallen; (SPORT, from a height, badly) stürzen; (object, to the ground) herunterfallen
    2) (= hang down hair, clothes etc) fallen
    3) (snow, rain) fallen
    4) (= drop temperature, price) fallen, sinken; (population, membership etc) abnehmen; (voice) sich senken; (wind) sich legen, nachlassen; (land) abfallen; (graph, curve, rate) abnehmen; (steeply) abfallen
    5) (= be defeated country) eingenommen werden; (city, fortress) fallen, erobert or eingenommen werden; (government, ruler) gestürzt werden

    to fall to the enemy — vom Feind eingenommen werden; (fortress, town also) vom Feind erobert werden

    6) (= be killed) fallen
    7) (night) hereinbrechen; (silence) eintreten
    8) (BIBL) den Sündenfall tun; (old, girl) die Unschuld or Ehre verlieren (dated)
    9) (= occur birthday, Easter etc) fallen (on auf +acc); (accent) liegen (on auf +dat); (= be classified) gehören (under in +acc), fallen (under unter +acc)

    that falls within/outside the scope of... — das fällt in/nicht in den Bereich +gen..., das liegt innerhalb/außerhalb des Bereichs +gen...

    10) (= be naturally divisible) zerfallen, sich gliedern (into in +acc)
    11) (fig)

    where do you think the responsibility/blame for that will fall? — wem wird Ihrer Meinung nach die Verantwortung dafür/die Schuld daran gegeben?

    12) (= become) werden

    to fall ill — krank werden, erkranken (geh)

    to fall out of love with sb — aufhören, jdn zu lieben

    13)

    (= pass into a certain state) to fall into decline (building) — verkommen; (economy) schlechter werden

    to fall into a state of unconsciousness — das Bewusstsein verlieren, in Ohnmacht fallen

    to fall apart or to pieces (chairs, cars, book etc) — aus dem Leim gehen (inf); (clothes, curtains) sich in Wohlgefallen auflösen (inf); (house) verfallen; (system, company, sb's life) aus den Fugen geraten or gehen

    I fell apart when he left me — meine Welt brach zusammen, als er mich verließ

    14)

    (in set constructions see also n, adj etc) to fall into the hands of sb —

    * * *
    fall [fɔːl]
    A s
    1. Fall m, Sturz m, Fallen n:
    fall from ( oder out of) the window Sturz aus dem Fenster;
    have a bad ( oder heavy) fall schwer stürzen;
    a) verwegen reiten,
    b) auch head for a fall fig das Schicksal oder Unheil herausfordern, ins Unglück rennen;
    take the fall for sb umg für jemanden den Kopf hinhalten
    2. a) (Ab)Fallen n (der Blätter etc)
    b) besonders US Herbst m:
    in fall im Herbst;
    fall weather Herbstwetter n
    3. Fall m, Herabfallen n, Faltenwurf m (von Stoff)
    4. Fallen n (des Vorhangs)
    5. TECH Niedergang m (des Kolbens etc)
    6. Zusammenfallen n, Einsturz m (eines Gebäudes)
    7. PHYS
    a) → free fall
    b) Fallhöhe f, -strecke f
    8. a) (Regen-, Schnee) Fall m
    b) Regen-, Schnee-, Niederschlagsmenge f
    9. Fallen n, Sinken n (der Flut, Temperatur etc):
    fall in demand WIRTSCH Nachfragerückgang m;
    ( heavy oder sudden) fall in prices Preis-, Kurssturz m;
    speculate for a fall auf Baisse oder à la baisse spekulieren; → operate A 4
    10. Abfall(en) m(n), Gefälle n, Neigung f (des Geländes):
    a sharp fall ein starkes Gefälle
    11. (Wasser) Fall m:
    12. An-, Einbruch m (der Nacht etc)
    13. Fall m, Sturz m, Nieder-, Untergang m, Verfall m, Ende n:
    the fall of Troy der Fall von Troja;
    fall of life fig Herbst m des Lebens
    14. a) (moralischer) Verfall
    b) Fall m, Fehltritt m:
    the Fall, the fall of man BIBEL der (erste) Sündenfall
    15. JAGD
    a) Fall m, Tod m (von Wild)
    b) Falle f
    16. AGR, ZOOL Wurf m (Lämmer etc)
    17. Ringen: Niederwurf m:
    win by fall Schultersieg m;
    try a fall with sb fig sich mit jemandem messen
    B v/i prät fell [fel], pperf fallen [ˈfɔːlən]
    1. fallen:
    the curtain falls der Vorhang fällt
    2. (ab)fallen (Blätter etc)
    3. (herunter)fallen, abstürzen:
    he fell to his death er stürzte tödlich ab
    4. (um-, hin-, nieder)fallen, stürzen, zu Fall kommen, zu Boden fallen (Person):
    he fell badly ( oder heavily) er stürzte schwer; → flat1 C 1
    5. umfallen, -stürzen (Baum etc)
    6. (in Locken oder Falten etc) (herab)fallen
    7. fig fallen:
    a) (im Krieg) umkommen
    b) erobert werden (Stadt)
    c) gestürzt werden (Regierung)
    d) (moralisch) sinken
    e) die Unschuld verlieren, einen Fehltritt begehen (Frau)
    f) SPORT gebrochen werden (Rekord etc)
    8. fig fallen, sinken (Flut, Preis, Temperatur etc):
    the temperature has fallen (by) 10 degrees die Temperatur ist um 10 Grad gesunken;
    the wind falls der Wind legt sich oder lässt nach;
    his courage fell sein Mut sank;
    his voice (eyes) fell er senkte die Stimme (den Blick);
    his face fell er machte ein langes Gesicht;
    falling visitor numbers zurückgehende Besucherzahlen; → birthrate
    9. abfallen (toward[s] zu … hin) (Gelände etc)
    10. auch fall apart zerfallen:
    fall apart ( oder asunder, in two) auseinanderfallen, entzweigehen; → piece A 2
    11. (zeitlich) eintreten, fallen:
    Easter falls late this year Ostern ist oder fällt oder liegt dieses Jahr spät
    12. sich ereignen
    13. hereinbrechen (Nacht etc)
    14. fig fallen (Worte etc):
    the remark fell from him er ließ die Bemerkung fallen
    15. krank, fällig etc werden:
    fall heir to sth etwas erben
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (act or manner of falling) Fallen, das; (of person) Sturz, der

    fall of snow/rain — Schnee-/Regenfall, der

    2) (collapse, defeat) Fall, der; (of dynasty, empire) Untergang, der; (of government) Sturz, der
    3) (slope) Abfall, der (to zu, nach)
    4) (Amer.): (autumn) Herbst, der
    2. intransitive verb,
    1) fallen; [Person:] [hin]fallen, stürzen; [Pferd:] stürzen

    fall off something, fall down from something — von etwas [herunter]fallen

    fall down [into] something — in etwas (Akk.) [hinein]fallen

    fall down the stairs — die Treppe herunter-/hinunterfallen

    fall [flat] on one's face — (lit. or fig.) auf die Nase fallen (ugs.)

    rain/snow is falling — es regnet/schneit

    2) (fig.) [Nacht, Dunkelheit:] hereinbrechen; [Abend:] anbrechen; [Stille:] eintreten
    3) (fig.): (be uttered) fallen
    4) (become detached) [Blätter:] [ab]fallen

    fall out — [Haare, Federn:] ausfallen

    5) (sink to lower level) sinken; [Barometer:] fallen; [Absatz, Verkauf:] zurückgehen

    fall into sin/temptation — eine Sünde begehen/der Versuchung er- od. unterliegen

    6) (subside) [Wasserspiegel, Gezeitenhöhe:] fallen; [Wind:] sich legen

    his/her face fell — er/sie machte ein langes Gesicht (ugs.)

    8) (be defeated) [Festung, Stadt:] fallen; [Monarchie, Regierung:] gestürzt werden; [Reich:] untergehen
    9) (perish) [Soldat:] fallen
    10) (collapse, break) einstürzen

    fall to pieces, fall apart — [Buch, Wagen:] auseinander fallen

    11) (come by chance, duty, etc.) fallen (to an + Akk.)

    it fell to me or to my lot to do it — das Los, es tun zu müssen, hat mich getroffen

    fall into decay — [Gebäude:] verfallen

    fall into a swoon or faint — in Ohnmacht fallen

    12) [Auge, Strahl, Licht, Schatten:] fallen ( upon auf + Akk.)
    13) (have specified place) liegen (on, to auf + Dat., within in + Dat.)

    fall into or under a category — in od. unter eine Kategorie fallen

    14) (occur) fallen (on auf + Akk.)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (US) n.
    Herbst -e m. (of a regime, society) n.
    Verfall -¨e m. n.
    Fall ¨-e m.
    Sturz ¨-e m. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: fell, fallen)
    = absinken v.
    fallen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: fiel, ist gefallen)
    purzeln v.
    stürzen v.

    English-german dictionary > fall

  • 6 fall

    [fɔ:l, Am esp fɑ:l] n
    1) ( drop from a height) Fall m, Sturz m;
    she broke her leg in the \fall sie brach sich bei dem Sturz ihr Bein;
    to break sb's \fall jds Sturz m abfangen;
    to have a \fall stürzen, hinfallen;
    to take a \fall stürzen;
    ( from a horse) vom Pferd fallen
    2) meteo Niederschlag m;
    [heavy] \falls of rain/ snow [heftige] Regen-/Schneefälle
    3) ( landslide)
    \fall of earth/ rock Erd-/Felsrutsch m
    4) sports ( in wrestling) Schultersieg m
    5) ( downward movement) of a leaf Herabfallen nt kein pl ( geh) ( drop) of a blade, axe, guillotine Herunterfallen nt kein pl; of the level of a liquid Absinken nt kein pl
    6) ( downward slope) Gefälle nt theat
    the audience roared at the \fall of the curtain das Publikum brüllte, als der Vorhang fiel;
    \fall of ground water levels Absinken nt des Grundwasserspiegels;
    the rise and \fall of the tide Flut und Ebbe;
    at the \fall of the tide bei Ebbe
    7) ( decrease) Nachlassen nt kein pl, (in numbers, support, rate, prices) Sinken nt;
    \fall in pressure meteo Fallen nt des Luftdrucks;
    sharp \fall in temperature deutlicher Temperaturrückgang
    8) (defeat, overthrow) of a city Einnahme f;
    the \fall of Constantinople die Eroberung Konstantinopels;
    the \fall of the Roman Empire der Untergang des Römischen Reiches;
    \fall of a government/ regime/ dictator Sturz m einer Regierung/eines Regimes/eines Diktators;
    the \fall of the Berlin Wall/ Iron Curtain der Fall der Berliner Mauer/des Eisernen Vorhangs;
    ... after the president's \fall from power... nach der Entmachtung des Präsidenten
    9) (Am) ( autumn) Herbst m
    \falls pl Wasserfall m;
    [the] Niagara F\falls die Niagarafälle pl
    the F\fall [of Man] der Sündenfall
    PHRASES:
    as innocent as Adam before the F\fall (before the F\fall) so unschuldig wie Adam vor dem Sündenfall;
    to take a [or the] \fall for sb/ sth (Am) für jdn/etw Schuld auf sich akk nehmen, einstehen adj
    attr, inv (Am) ( in autumn) Herbst-, herbstlich;
    \fall plowing Wintersaat f;
    \fall sun Herbstsonne f;
    \fall weather Herbstwetter nt ( of autumn) Herbst-;
    \fall clothing Herbstkleidung f;
    \fall collection Herbstkollektion f vi <fell, fallen>
    1) ( drop down from a height) [herunter]fallen, [hinunter]fallen; curtain fallen;
    the snow had been \falling all day es hatte den ganzen Tag über geschneit;
    more rain had \fallen overnight über Nacht hatte es noch mehr geregnet;
    the bridge collapsed and fell into the river die Brücke brach zusammen und stürzte ins Wasser; ( fig)
    the task of telling her the bad news fell on me ich hatte die Aufgabe, ihr die schlechten Nachrichten zu übermitteln;
    it fell on Henry to take the final decision es war Henrys Aufgabe, eine endgültige Entscheidung zu treffen;
    to \fall into sb's arms jdm in die Arme fallen;
    they fell into each other's arms sie fielen sich in die Arme;
    to \fall into bed ins Bett fallen;
    to \fall to one's death in den Tod stürzen;
    to \fall out of one's dress ( fig) ( fam) aus allen Wolken fallen ( hum) ( fam)
    to \fall to the ground/ on the floor auf den Boden fallen;
    to \fall from a window aus dem Fenster fallen;
    to \fall downstairs die Treppe hinunterfallen [o herunterfallen];
    2) ( from an upright position) hinfallen; tree, post, pillar umfallen;
    he fell badly er stürzte schwer;
    to \fall under a bus/ train/ truck unter einen Bus/Zug/Lastwagen kommen;
    to \fall at a fence horse in einem Hindernis hängen bleiben;
    to \fall to one's knees auf die Knie fallen;
    to \fall [down] dead tot umfallen;
    to \fall flat on one's face [vornüber] aufs Gesicht fallen ( fam)
    3) (fig: fail or get no response) joke, plan, suggestion nicht ankommen;
    (fig: be embarrassingly unsuccessful) auf die Schnauze fallen ( pej) (sl) thing, scheme danebengehen ( fam)
    4) ( land) herunterkommen; light, bomb, shadow, gaze fallen; ( fig)
    we haven't decided yet where the cuts will \fall wir haben noch nicht entschieden, was von den Kürzungen betroffen sein wird;
    we don't at this stage know where the blame will \fall zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt wissen wir noch nicht, wer die Schuld trägt;
    the blows continued to \fall on him die Schläge prasselten weiter auf ihn nieder;
    the axe looks likely to \fall on 500 jobs 500 Stellen werden wahrscheinlich gestrichen werden;
    suspicion immediately fell on him der Verdacht fiel sofort auf ihn;
    silence fell on the group of men Schweigen überkam die Männern ling
    the accent \falls on the second syllable der Akzent liegt auf der zweiten Silbe
    5) (become lower, decrease) demand, numbers, prices, standard sinken; prices fallen meteo; temperature, pressure fallen, sinken; barometer fallen;
    the temperature could well \fall below zero this evening die Temperatur könnte heute Abend auf unter null absinken;
    water supplies have fallen to danger levels der Wasservorrat ist auf einen gefährlich niedrigen Level abgesunken;
    the attendance fell well below the expected figure die Besucherzahlen blieben weit hinter den erwarteten Zahlen zurück;
    to \fall to a whisper in einen Flüsterton verfallen
    6) ( move to a lower position) in einer Tabelle/in den Charts fallen;
    to \fall to the bottom of the league table ganz unten auf der Tabelle stehen;
    to \fall in sb's estimation bei jdm im Ansehen sinken
    7) ( be defeated or overthrown) gestürzt werden, untergehen;
    ( be conquered) a city, town eingenommen werden, fallen; person zerbrechen;
    to \fall to pieces plan, relationship in die Brüche gehen; person zerbrechen;
    to \fall from power seines Amtes enthoben werden;
    to \fall to sb jdm in die Hände fallen;
    Basildon finally fell to Labour at the last election Basildon fiel in der letzten Wahl Labour zu
    8) (liter: die in battle) fallen
    9) rel (do wrong, sin) von Gott abfallen
    Easter \falls early/ late this year Ostern ist dieses Jahr früh/spät;
    to \fall on a Monday/ Wednesday auf einen Montag/Mittwoch fallen
    darkness \falls early in the tropics in den Tropen wird es früh dunkel;
    night was already \falling es begann bereits dunkel zu werden
    this matter \falls outside the area for which we are responsible diese Sache fällt nicht in unseren Zuständigkeitsbereich;
    any offence committed in this state \falls within the jurisdiction of this court für jedes Vergehen, das in diesem Staat begangen wird, ist die Rechtsprechung dieses Gerichts zuständig;
    to \fall into a category/ class in eine Kategorie/Klasse gehören;
    the text \falls into three categories der Text gliedert sich in drei Kategorien
    13) ( hang down) herabhängen ( geh), fallen;
    her hair fell to her waist ihr Haar reichte ihr bis zur Taille
    14) (slope, go downward) cliff [steil] abfallen
    15) + n
    to \fall prey [or victim] to sb/ sth jdm/etw zum Opfer fallen
    16) + adj ( become)
    to \fall asleep einschlafen;
    to \fall due fällig sein;
    to \fall foul of sb mit jdm Streit bekommen;
    to \fall foul of a law [or regulation] ein Gesetz übertreten;
    to \fall ill [or sick] krank werden;
    to \fall open a book, magazine aufklappen;
    to \fall silent verstummen;
    to \fall vacant a room frei werden; a position, post vakant werden
    to \fall for sb sich akk in jdn verknallen (sl)
    they all fell into hysterics sie kringelten sich alle vor Lachen;
    he fell into a reflective mood er fing an zu grübeln;
    to \fall into debt sich akk verschulden;
    to \fall into disrepute in Misskredit geraten;
    to \fall into disrepair [or decay] verkommen;
    to \fall into disuse nicht mehr benutzt werden;
    to \fall into error/ sin rel sich akk versündigen;
    to \fall out of favour [or (Am) favor] [with sb] [bei jdm] nicht mehr gefragt sein ( fam)
    to \fall into the habit of doing sth sich dat angewöhnen, etw zu tun;
    to \fall under the influence of sb/ sth unter den Einfluss einer Person/einer S. gen geraten;
    to \fall in love [with sb/sth] sich akk [in jdn/etw] verlieben;
    to \fall out of love [with sb/sth] nicht mehr [in jdn/etw] verliebt sein;
    to have fallen under the spell of sb/ sth von jdm/etw verzaubert sein;
    to \fall into a/ sb's trap ( fig) [jdm] in die Falle gehen;
    I was afraid that I might be \falling into a trap ich hatte Angst, in eine Falle zu laufen; ( fig)
    they fell into the trap of overestimating their own ability to deal with the situation sie haben ihre eigene Fähigkeit, mit der Situation umzugehen, völlig überschätzt
    to \fall for sth auf etw akk hereinfallen
    to \fall among thieves unter die Räuber fallen veraltet
    to \fall on sb über jdn herfallen
    the worst job fell to me die schlimmste Arbeit musste ich erledigen;
    clearing up fell to Tim and Stephen für das Aufräumen waren Tim und Stephen zuständig;
    it \falls to the committee to... es ist Aufgabe des Komitees,...;
    to \fall under sth zu etw dat gehören;
    that side of the business \falls under my department dieser Geschäftsteil fällt in meinen Zuständigkeitsbereich;
    that \falls under the heading... das fällt unter die Rubrik...
    22) (liter: embrace)
    to \fall on sb jdn in die Arme schließen ( liter)
    they fell on each other sie fielen sich in die Arme
    PHRASES:
    to \fall on deaf ears auf taube Ohren stoßen;
    sb's face fell jdm fiel das Gesicht herunter ( fam), jd macht ein langes Gesicht;
    to \fall on stony ground auf felsigen Grund fallen ( liter)
    to \fall into the hands [or clutches] of sb jdm in die Hände fallen;
    to \fall in [or into] line [with sth] sich akk [an etw akk] anpassen;
    to \fall into place sich von selbst ergeben;
    ( making sense) Sinn machen;
    to \fall on hard times harte Zeiten durchleben;
    to \fall short [of sth] etw nicht erreichen;
    to \fall short of sb's expectations hinter jds Erwartungen zurückbleiben

    English-German students dictionary > fall

  • 7 Tull, Jethro

    [br]
    b. 30 March 1674 Basildon, Essex, England
    d. February 1741 Hungerford, Berkshire, England
    [br]
    English farmer who developed and publicized a system of row crop husbandry.
    [br]
    Jethro Tull was born into an English landowning family. He was educated at St John's College, Oxford, but left without a degree at the age of 17. He then spent three years on the Grand Tour before returning to study law at Gray's Inn in London. After six years he was admitted to the Bar, but he never practised, moving instead to one of his father's farms near Oxford.
    Because of labour problems he chose to plant sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia) as a forage crop because it required less frequent reseeding than grass. The seed itself was expensive and of poor fertility, so he began to experiment. He discovered that the depth of sowing as well as the planting rate influenced germination and the rate of growth, he found the optimum rate could be gained with one plant per ft2, a much lower density than could be achieved by broadcasting. His experiments created labour problems. He is traditionally and incorrectly credited with the invention of the seed drill, but he did develop and use a drill on his own farm to achieve the planting rate and depth he needed without having to rely on his workforce.
    In 1711 Tull became ill and went to France, having first sold his original farm and moved to "Properous", near Hungerford. In France he developed a husbandry technique that used a horse hoe to stir the soil between the rows of plants achieved with his drill. He incorrectly believed that his increased yields were the result of nutrients released from the soil by this method, whereas they were more likely to have been the result of a reduction in weed competition as a result of the repeated cultivation.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1731, The New Horse-Hoeing Husbandry, or an Essay on the Principals of Tillage and Vegetation (sets out the ideas and innovations for which he was already well known).
    Further Reading
    T.H.Marshall, 1929, "Jethro Tull and the new husbandry of the 18th century", Economic History Review 11:41–60 (the relevance and significance of Tull's work was already under discussion before his death; Marshall discusses the controversy).
    G.E.Fussell, 1973, Jethro Tull. His Influence on Mechanised Agriculture (presents a pro- Tull account).
    AP

    Biographical history of technology > Tull, Jethro

  • 8 stehen

    n; -s, kein Pl.
    1. etw. im Stehen tun do s.th. while standing (up); er macht alles im Stehen he does everything standing up; vom vielen Stehen bekommt sie Rückenschmerzen she gets back pain from all this standing ( oder because she has to stand so much); das viele Stehen ist nicht gesund all that standing doesn’t do you any good
    2. zum Stehen bringen bring to a stop ( oder standstill); (Blutung etc.) stop; zum Stehen kommen come to a halt ( oder standstill)
    * * *
    (gut aussehen) to suit; to become;
    * * *
    Ste|hen
    nt -s,
    no pl

    das viele Stéhen — all this standing

    etw im Stéhen tun — to do sth standing up

    2) (= Halt) stop, standstill

    zum Stéhen bringen — to stop; Lokomotive, LKW, Verkehr, Produktion auch to bring to a standstill or halt or stop; Heer, Vormarsch auch to halt

    zum Stéhen kommen — to stop; (Lokomotive, LKW, Verkehr, Produktion auch) to come to a standstill or halt or stop

    * * *
    1) (to suit: That dress really becomes her.) become
    2) (to be in an upright position, not sitting or lying: His leg was so painful that he could hardly stand; After the storm, few trees were left standing.) stand
    3) (to remain motionless: The train stood for an hour outside Newcastle.) stand
    4) (to be in or have a particular place: There is now a factory where our house once stood.) stand
    5) ((of clothes, styles, fashions etc) to be right or appropriate for: Long hair suits her; That dress doen't suit her.) suit
    * * *
    Ste·hen
    <-s>
    [ˈʃte:ən]
    ▪ das \Stehen standing
    gerades [o aufrechtes] \Stehen standing upright
    etw im \Stehen tun to do sth standing up
    im \Stehen essen to have a stand-up meal, to eat standing up
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; südd., österr., schweiz. mit sein

    er arbeitet stehend od. im Stehen — he works standing up

    mit jemandem/etwas stehen und fallen — (fig.) stand or fall with somebody/something

    2) (sich befinden) be; <upright object, building> stand

    wo steht dein Auto? — where is your car [parked]?

    ich tue alles, was in meinen Kräften od. meiner Macht steht — I'll do everything in my power

    auf etwas (Dat.) stehen — <needle, hand> point to something

    das Barometer steht tief/auf Regen — the barometer is reading low/indicating rain

    die Ampel steht auf rot — the traffic lights are [on] red

    es steht mir bis zum Hals[e] od. bis oben od. bis hier[hin] — I'm fed up to the back teeth with it (coll.); I'm sick to death of it (coll.)

    der Wind steht günstig/nach Norden — (Seemannsspr.) the wind stands fair/is from the north

    wie steht es/das Spiel? — (Sport) what's the score?

    4) (einen bestimmten Kurs, Wert haben) < currency> stand ( bei at)

    wie steht das Pfund? — what is the rate for the pound?; how is the pound doing? (coll.)

    5) (nicht in Bewegung sein) be stationary; <machine etc.> be at a standstill

    stehen bleiben — (anhalten) stop; < traffic> come to a standstill; (fig.) < time> stand still

    wo sind wir stehen geblieben? — (fig.) where had we got to?; where were we?; (unverändert gelassen werden) stay; be left; (zurückgelassen werden) be left behind; (der Zerstörung entgehen) < building> be left standing

    etwas stehen lassen — (belassen, nicht entfernen) leave something; (zurücklassen, vergessen) leave something [behind]

    sich (Dat.) einen Bart stehen lassen — (ugs.) grow a beard; (vergessen) leave [behind]; (sich abwenden von)

    jemanden stehen lassen — (sich von jemandem abwenden) walk off and leave somebody standing there

    6) (geschrieben, gedruckt sein) be

    in der Zeitung steht, dass... — it says in the paper that...

    7) (Sprachw.): (gebraucht werden) <subjunctive etc.> occur; be found

    mit dem Dativ stehen — be followed by or take the dative

    8)

    zu jemandem/etwas stehen — stand by somebody/something

    hinter jemandem/etwas stehen — (jemanden unterstützen) be [right] behind somebody/something; support somebody/something

    9)

    jemandem [gut] stehen — <dress etc.> suit somebody [well]

    Lächeln steht dir gut — (fig.) it suits you or you look nice when you smile

    mit jemandem gut/schlecht stehen — be on good/bad terms or get on well/badly with somebody

    11)

    auf etwas (Akk.) steht Gefängnis — something is punishable by imprisonment

    2.
    unregelmäßiges reflexives Verb; südd., österr., schweiz. mit sein (ugs.)

    sich gut/schlecht stehen — be comfortably/badly off

    sich gut/schlecht mit jemandem stehen — be on good/bad terms or get on well/badly with somebody

    * * *
    stehen; steht, stand, hat, südd, österr, schweiz auch ist gestanden
    A. v/i
    1. (aufrecht sein) Person, Ding: stand;
    der Kleine kann schon stehen he can stand up ( oder stand on his own) already;
    ich kann vor Müdigkeit kaum noch stehen I’m so tired I can hardly stand up;
    plötzlich stand er vor mir suddenly he was standing there in front of me;
    jemanden (einfach) stehen lassen (just) leave sb standing there;
    die Flasche soll stehen the bottle is supposed to stand up;
    vor Dreck stehen umg be stiff with dirt;
    das Hotel soll Ende Mai stehen the hotel is supposed to be standing ( oder complete) by the end of May
    wo stehen die Gläser? where are the glasses?;
    unter der Dusche stehen be in the shower, be having a shower;
    der Wein steht kalt the wine has been chilled;
    die Pflanze steht zu dunkel that plant needs more light;
    der Keller steht voll Wasser the cellar’s flooded ( oder full of water)
    3. (stillstehen) stand still; Uhr etc: have stopped;
    der Verkehr stand the traffic was at ( oder had come to) a standstill;
    die Luft steht draußen: it’s very still ( schwül: close); drinnen: the air is thick in here;
    stehen bleiben Person, beim Vortragen etc: stop (short); Uhr: stop; Maschine: auch come to a standstill (auch fig); Motor: auch stall; Herz: stop beating; Zeit: stand still;
    halt, stehen bleiben (oder ich schieße)! stop (or I’ll shoot)!;
    nicht stehen bleiben! move along, please!, keep moving!;
    wo waren wir stehen geblieben? fig where were we?; im Buch etc: auch where did we get to?;
    dort scheint die Zeit stehen geblieben zu sein it’s as if time had stood still there;
    4.
    ist hier ein Schirm stehen geblieben? has anyone left an umbrella here?;
    stehen lassen (zurücklassen, auch vergessen) leave behind; (Essen) not touch, leave (untouched);
    er hat seinen Kaffee stehen lassen auch he hasn’t drunk his coffee;
    ihr könnt das Geschirr ruhig stehen lassen you can just leave the dishes;
    habe ich hier meinen Schirm stehen lassen? did I leave my umbrella here?;
    man sollte sein Auto auch mal stehen lassen you should occasionally leave your car at home
    5.
    stehen in (+dat) (geschrieben sein) be (written) in;
    im Brief steht the letter says;
    hier steht, (dass) … it says here (that) …;
    wo steht das (geschrieben)? where does it say that?; fig bei Verbot etc: since when is that a crime?, says who? umg;
    hier muss ein Komma stehen there should be a comma here;
    nach diesem Verb steht der Konjunktiv that verb takes ( oder requires) the subjunctive;
    auf einer Liste stehen be on a list;
    stehen lassen (nicht streichen) leave (in); (übersehen, Fehler) overlook, miss;
    bitte stehen lassen! (Tafelanschrieb etc) please leave, please don’t rub out;
    das kann man so nicht stehen lassen, das kann so nicht stehen bleiben (Text, Behauptung, Formulierung etc) you can’t leave it like that;
    soll das so stehen bleiben? is it supposed to stay like that?
    6. umg (feststehen) be fixed, be finalized;
    die Mannschaft/der Plan steht the team/plan has been finalized;
    der Termin steht the date is fixed;
    die Sache muss bis Ende der Woche stehen it’s got to be licked into shape by the end of the week;
    steht dein Referat schon? als Entwurf: have you sketched out your paper yet?, is your paper ready in outline; fertig: have you finished your paper?
    7. mit Wert-, Zahlenangabe etc:
    stehen auf (+dat) Skala etc: show, be at; Aktien etc: be at;
    der Zeiger steht auf null the needle is at ( oder on) zero;
    das Thermometer steht auf 10 Grad the thermometer shows ( oder is pointing to) 10 degrees;
    wie steht der Dollar? how high is the dollar?, what’s the dollar worth?;
    der Dollar steht bei … the dollar stands at ( oder is worth) …;
    höher denn je stehen Währung, Aktienkurs etc: have reached an all-time high;
    auf Diebstahl steht eine Freiheitsstrafe theft is punishable by imprisonment;
    auf die Ergreifung des Täters stehen 10 000 Euro Belohnung there’s a reward of 10,000 euros for the capture of the person who did it
    9.
    wo steht er politisch? what are his political leanings?;
    er steht (politisch) links (politically) he’s on the left
    10. umg:
    auf jemanden/etwas stehen like ( oder fancy) sb/sth;
    er steht auf modernen Jazz he’s into modern jazz;
    sie steht auf große, dunkle Typen she goes for the tall dark type;
    da steh ich nicht drauf it doesn’t turn me on
    11. fig:
    stehen für stand for; stellvertretend: represent;
    der Name steht für Qualität the name stands ( oder is a byword) for quality;
    er steht dafür, dass das Geld bezahlt wird (er garantiert dafür) he’s guaranteeing that the money will be paid, he’s acting as guarantor for the payment of the money
    12. fig:
    hinter jemandem stehen be behind sb;
    voll hinter jemandem stehen be backing sb all the way ( oder up to the hilt);
    gut/schlecht mit jemandem stehen get on/not get on (very well) with sb;
    ihr Sinn steht nach Höherem she’s set her sights higher (than that);
    über/unter jemandem stehen be above/below sb;
    er steht über solchen Dingen he’s above that kind of thing;
    du musst versuchen, über solchen Dingen zu stehen you must try not to let that kind of thing bother you
    13. fig:
    zu jemandem/etwas stehen stand by sb/sth;
    ich stehe dazu auch I’m sticking by it, I haven’t changed my mind (on that);
    wie stehst du dazu? what do you think (about it)?, what are your feelings (on the matter)?
    14. fig:
    unter Alkohol stehen be under the influence of alcohol, have been drinking;
    unter Drogen stehen have been taking drugs, be on drugs;
    vor großen Schwierigkeiten stehen face great difficulties;
    vor dem Ruin stehen be on the brink of ruin;
    er steht vor seiner Abschlussprüfung he’s got his final exams coming up
    15. fig:
    wie stehen die Dinge? how are things?;
    die Sache steht gut things are looking good;
    das Ganze steht und fällt mit … the whole thing stands or falls on …;
    die Chancen stehen fifty-fifty the odds are even; → Aufsicht 1, Debatte, Einfluss, Sinn 3 etc
    jemandem stehen suit sb;
    der Hut etc
    steht dir gut that hat etc (really) suits you;
    es steht dir nicht auch it’s not you
    17.
    sich (dat)
    18. umg, Penis: be erect;
    er stand ihm sl Penis: he had a hard-on
    B. v/t (hat):
    einen Sprung stehen Eiskunstlauf, Turnen land a jump;
    kann er diese Weite stehen? can he make this distance (without falling)?; → Mann 5, Modell 2, Pate 1, Posten 1 etc
    C. v/r (hat):
    sich gut/schlecht mit jemandem stehen get on/not get on (well) with sb;
    er steht sich gut he’s not doing badly
    D. v/i unpers (hat, südd, österr, schweiz auch ist)
    1.
    wie steht es um …? (etwas, jemanden) how is/are … (getting on)?;
    wie steht es um seine Doktorarbeit? what’s the position with his doctorate?;
    es steht gut/schlecht um ihn things are going well/badly for him, he’s doing well/badly; Aussichten: things are looking good/bad for him;
    mit i-r Gesundheit steht es schlecht she’s in a bad way (healthwise);
    na, (wie geht’s,) wie steht’s? umg and how are we?;
    also, wie steht’s? (wie ist der Stand der Dinge?) so, how are things?;
    wie steht’s mit einem Bier? umg how about a beer?;
    (und) wie steht es mit dir? umg how about you?
    2. SPORT:
    es steht 2:1 the score is 2-1 (
    für to);
    wie (viel) steht es? what’s the score?
    3.
    es steht zu befürchten, dass … it is to be feared that …;
    es steht nicht bei mir zu (+inf) it’s not for me to (+inf), it’s not up to me to (+inf)
    es steht (ganz) bei dir it’s (entirely) up to you, it’s (entirely) your decision
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; südd., österr., schweiz. mit sein

    er arbeitet stehend od. im Stehen — he works standing up

    mit jemandem/etwas stehen und fallen — (fig.) stand or fall with somebody/something

    2) (sich befinden) be; <upright object, building> stand

    wo steht dein Auto? — where is your car [parked]?

    ich tue alles, was in meinen Kräften od. meiner Macht steht — I'll do everything in my power

    auf etwas (Dat.) stehen — <needle, hand> point to something

    das Barometer steht tief/auf Regen — the barometer is reading low/indicating rain

    die Ampel steht auf rot — the traffic lights are [on] red

    es steht mir bis zum Hals[e] od. bis oben od. bis hier[hin] — I'm fed up to the back teeth with it (coll.); I'm sick to death of it (coll.)

    der Wind steht günstig/nach Norden — (Seemannsspr.) the wind stands fair/is from the north

    wie steht es/das Spiel? — (Sport) what's the score?

    4) (einen bestimmten Kurs, Wert haben) < currency> stand ( bei at)

    wie steht das Pfund? — what is the rate for the pound?; how is the pound doing? (coll.)

    5) (nicht in Bewegung sein) be stationary; <machine etc.> be at a standstill

    stehen bleiben — (anhalten) stop; < traffic> come to a standstill; (fig.) < time> stand still

    wo sind wir stehen geblieben? — (fig.) where had we got to?; where were we?; (unverändert gelassen werden) stay; be left; (zurückgelassen werden) be left behind; (der Zerstörung entgehen) < building> be left standing

    etwas stehen lassen — (belassen, nicht entfernen) leave something; (zurücklassen, vergessen) leave something [behind]

    sich (Dat.) einen Bart stehen lassen — (ugs.) grow a beard; (vergessen) leave [behind]; (sich abwenden von)

    jemanden stehen lassen — (sich von jemandem abwenden) walk off and leave somebody standing there

    6) (geschrieben, gedruckt sein) be

    in der Zeitung steht, dass... — it says in the paper that...

    7) (Sprachw.): (gebraucht werden) <subjunctive etc.> occur; be found

    mit dem Dativ stehen — be followed by or take the dative

    8)

    zu jemandem/etwas stehen — stand by somebody/something

    hinter jemandem/etwas stehen — (jemanden unterstützen) be [right] behind somebody/something; support somebody/something

    9)

    jemandem [gut] stehen — <dress etc.> suit somebody [well]

    Lächeln steht dir gut — (fig.) it suits you or you look nice when you smile

    mit jemandem gut/schlecht stehen — be on good/bad terms or get on well/badly with somebody

    11)

    auf etwas (Akk.) steht Gefängnis — something is punishable by imprisonment

    2.
    unregelmäßiges reflexives Verb; südd., österr., schweiz. mit sein (ugs.)

    sich gut/schlecht stehen — be comfortably/badly off

    sich gut/schlecht mit jemandem stehen — be on good/bad terms or get on well/badly with somebody

    * * *
    v.
    (§ p.,pp.: stand, gestanden)
    = to become v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: became, become)
    to stand v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: stood)

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > stehen

  • 9 В-93

    НА ВЗВЙДЕ highly coll PrepP Invar usu. subj-compl with copula (subj: human)
    1. Also: НА ПЕРВОМ (BTO-РОМ) ВЗВОДЕ ( fixed WO
    (one is) in a state of inebriation
    X на взводе = X is feeling no pain
    X is in his cups X is tipsy (loaded) X is under the influence X is the worse for drink.
    После того как они, наконец, с помощью Осипа устроились и Антонина, вычистив и вымыв отведённую им комнату, сбегала в ларёк и накрыла на стол, комендант, уже на изрядном взводе, явился к ним в гости... (Максимов 3). When they had finally settled in with Osip's help, and Antonina had dusted and mopped the room, run down to the shop, and laid the table, the house manager, who was already well loaded, invited himself in (3a).
    2. (one is) annoyed or agitated
    X был на взводе — X was worked up
    X was on edge X was keyed (wrought) up.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > В-93

  • 10 Л-91

    ИЗМЕНИТЬСЯ (ПЕРЕМЕНИТЬСЯ) В ЛИЦЕ VP subj: human usu. past usu. this WO
    1. Also: МЕНЯТЬСЯ В ЛИЦЕ to change the look on one's face quickly under the influence of some emotion
    X изменился в лице - X changed his expression
    X changed color the expression on X's face changed a (complete) change came over X's face (expression) X (X's face) turned (went) pale
    Neg X не изменился в лице — X's face betrayed no emotion.
    ...Там, где наш брат призадумается и отшарахнется, он улыбнётся, не переменится в лице, не повысит голоса и -пойдёт далее без раскаяния и сомнения (Герцен 2)....Where people like us would hesitate and shy away, he would smile and, without changing his expression or raising his voice, go forward remorseless and undoubting (2a).
    «Ты лжешь, мерзавец! - вскричал я в бешенстве, - ты лжешь самым бесстыдным образом». Швабрин переменился в лице. «Это тебе так не пройдет», -сказал он... (Пушкин 2). "You're lying, scoundrel!" I exclaimed in a rage. "You're lying in the most shameless manner." Shvabrin changed color "You are not going to get away with that," he said... (2a).
    Этот, казалось бы, простенький вопрос почему-то расстроил сидящего, так что он даже изменился в лице (Булгаков 9). This apparently simple question upset the man behind the desk so much that a complete change came over his expression (9b).
    «Вашего сына расстреляли немцы. Он просил передать вам колечко. Он говорил, что это его матери...» Ваше не изменился в лице Оренбург 1). "The Germans have shot your son. He asked us to give you this ring He said it was his mother's." Vacher's face betrayed no emotion (1a)
    2. to have one's face change in appearance (becoming pale, thin etc as a result of illness, sadness, emotional upset etc)
    X изменился в лице - X's face changed (lost) color
    X's face (was) changed X's face became drawn (haggard).
    Дня три после ареста Мити Грушенька сильно заболела и хворала чуть не пять недель... Она сильно изменилась в лице, похудела и пожелтела, хотя вот уже почти две недели как могла выходить со двора (Достоевский 2). Some three days after Mitya's arrest, Grushenka had become quite ill and was sick for almost five weeks... Her face was greatly changed, she had become thin and sallow, though for almost two weeks she had already been able to go out (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Л-91

  • 11 на взводе

    • НА ВЗВОДЕ highly coll
    [PrepP; Invar; usu. subj-compl with copula (subj: human)]
    =====
    1. Also: НА ПЕРВОМ < ВТОРОМ> ВЗВОДЕ [fixed WO]
    ⇒ (one is) in a state of inebriation:
    - X на взводе≈ X is feeling no pain;
    - X is the worse for drink.
         ♦ После того как они, наконец, с помощью Осипа устроились и Антонина, вычистив и вымыв отведённую им комнату, сбегала в ларёк и накрыла на стол, комендант, уже на изрядном взводе, явился к ним в гости... (Максимов 3). When they had finally settled in with Osip's help, and Antonina had dusted and mopped the room, run down to the shop, and laid the table, the house manager, who was already well loaded, invited himself in (3a).
    2. (one is) annoyed or agitated:
    - X был на взводе≈ X was worked up;
    - X was keyed (wrought) up.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > на взводе

  • 12 на втором взводе

    • НА ВЗВОДЕ highly coll
    [PrepP; Invar; usu. subj-compl with copula (subj: human)]
    =====
    1. Also: НА ПЕРВОМ < ВТОРОМ> ВЗВОДЕ [fixed WO]
    ⇒ (one is) in a state of inebriation:
    - X is the worse for drink.
         ♦ После того как они, наконец, с помощью Осипа устроились и Антонина, вычистив и вымыв отведённую им комнату, сбегала в ларёк и накрыла на стол, комендант, уже на изрядном взводе, явился к ним в гости... (Максимов 3). When they had finally settled in with Osip's help, and Antonina had dusted and mopped the room, run down to the shop, and laid the table, the house manager, who was already well loaded, invited himself in (3a).
    2. (one is) annoyed or agitated:
    - X был на взводе≈ X was worked up;
    - X was keyed (wrought) up.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > на втором взводе

  • 13 на первом взводе

    • НА ВЗВОДЕ highly coll
    [PrepP; Invar; usu. subj-compl with copula (subj: human)]
    =====
    1. Also: НА ПЕРВОМ < ВТОРОМ> ВЗВОДЕ [fixed WO]
    ⇒ (one is) in a state of inebriation:
    - X is the worse for drink.
         ♦ После того как они, наконец, с помощью Осипа устроились и Антонина, вычистив и вымыв отведённую им комнату, сбегала в ларёк и накрыла на стол, комендант, уже на изрядном взводе, явился к ним в гости... (Максимов 3). When they had finally settled in with Osip's help, and Antonina had dusted and mopped the room, run down to the shop, and laid the table, the house manager, who was already well loaded, invited himself in (3a).
    2. (one is) annoyed or agitated:
    - X был на взводе≈ X was worked up;
    - X was keyed (wrought) up.

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > на первом взводе

  • 14 измениться в лице

    [VP; subj: human; usu. past; usu. this WO]
    =====
    1. Also: МЕНЯТЬСЯ В ЛИЦЕ to change the look on one's face quickly under the influence of some emotion:
    - X изменился в лице≈ X changed his expression;
    || Neg X не изменился в лице≈ X's face betrayed no emotion.
         ♦...Там, где наш брат призадумается и отшарахнется, он улыбнётся, не переменится в лице, не повысит голоса и - пойдёт далее без раскаяния и сомнения (Герцен 2)....Where people like us would hesitate and shy away, he would smile and, without changing his expression or raising his voice, go forward remorseless and undoubting (2a).
         ♦ "Ты лжешь, мерзавец! - вскричал я в бешенстве, - ты лжешь самым бесстыдным образом". Швабрин переменился в лице. "Это тебе так не пройдет", - сказал он... (Пушкин 2). "You're lying, scoundrel!" I exclaimed in a rage. "You're lying in the most shameless manner." Shvabrin changed color "You are not going to get away with that," he said... (2a).
         ♦ Этот, казалось бы, простенький вопрос почему-то расстроил сидящего, так что он даже изменился в лице (Булгаков 9). This apparently simple question upset the man behind the desk so much that a complete change came over his expression (9b).
         ♦ "Вашего сына расстреляли немцы. Он просил передать вам колечко. Он говорил, что это его матери..." Ваше не изменился в лице (Эренбург 1). "The Germans have shot your son. He asked us to give you this ring He said it was his mother's." Vacher's face betrayed no emotion (1a)
    2. to have one's face change in appearance (becoming pale, thin etc as a result of illness, sadness, emotional upset etc):
    - X изменился в лице≈ X's face changed (lost) color;
    - X's face became drawn (haggard).
         ♦ Дня три после ареста Мити Грушенька сильно заболела и хворала чуть не пять недель... Она сильно изменилась в лице, похудела и пожелтела, хотя вот уже почти две недели как могла выходить со двора (Достоевский 2). Some three days after Mitya's arrest, Grushenka had become quite ill and was sick for almost five weeks... Her face was greatly changed, she had become thin and sallow, though for almost two weeks she had already been able to go out (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > измениться в лице

  • 15 меняться в лице

    [VP; subj: human; usu. past; usu. this WO]
    =====
    1. Also: МЕНЯТЬСЯ В ЛИЦЕ to change the look on one's face quickly under the influence of some emotion:
    - X изменился в лице≈ X changed his expression;
    || Neg X не изменился в лице≈ X's face betrayed no emotion.
         ♦...Там, где наш брат призадумается и отшарахнется, он улыбнётся, не переменится в лице, не повысит голоса и - пойдёт далее без раскаяния и сомнения (Герцен 2)....Where people like us would hesitate and shy away, he would smile and, without changing his expression or raising his voice, go forward remorseless and undoubting (2a).
         ♦ "Ты лжешь, мерзавец! - вскричал я в бешенстве, - ты лжешь самым бесстыдным образом". Швабрин переменился в лице. "Это тебе так не пройдет", - сказал он... (Пушкин 2). "You're lying, scoundrel!" I exclaimed in a rage. "You're lying in the most shameless manner." Shvabrin changed color "You are not going to get away with that," he said... (2a).
         ♦ Этот, казалось бы, простенький вопрос почему-то расстроил сидящего, так что он даже изменился в лице (Булгаков 9). This apparently simple question upset the man behind the desk so much that a complete change came over his expression (9b).
         ♦ "Вашего сына расстреляли немцы. Он просил передать вам колечко. Он говорил, что это его матери..." Ваше не изменился в лице (Эренбург 1). "The Germans have shot your son. He asked us to give you this ring He said it was his mother's." Vacher's face betrayed no emotion (1a)
    2. to have one's face change in appearance (becoming pale, thin etc as a result of illness, sadness, emotional upset etc):
    - X изменился в лице≈ X's face changed (lost) color;
    - X's face became drawn (haggard).
         ♦ Дня три после ареста Мити Грушенька сильно заболела и хворала чуть не пять недель... Она сильно изменилась в лице, похудела и пожелтела, хотя вот уже почти две недели как могла выходить со двора (Достоевский 2). Some three days after Mitya's arrest, Grushenka had become quite ill and was sick for almost five weeks... Her face was greatly changed, she had become thin and sallow, though for almost two weeks she had already been able to go out (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > меняться в лице

  • 16 перемениться в лице

    [VP; subj: human; usu. past; usu. this WO]
    =====
    1. Also: МЕНЯТЬСЯ В ЛИЦЕ to change the look on one's face quickly under the influence of some emotion:
    - X изменился в лице≈ X changed his expression;
    || Neg X не изменился в лице≈ X's face betrayed no emotion.
         ♦...Там, где наш брат призадумается и отшарахнется, он улыбнётся, не переменится в лице, не повысит голоса и - пойдёт далее без раскаяния и сомнения (Герцен 2)....Where people like us would hesitate and shy away, he would smile and, without changing his expression or raising his voice, go forward remorseless and undoubting (2a).
         ♦ "Ты лжешь, мерзавец! - вскричал я в бешенстве, - ты лжешь самым бесстыдным образом". Швабрин переменился в лице. "Это тебе так не пройдет", - сказал он... (Пушкин 2). "You're lying, scoundrel!" I exclaimed in a rage. "You're lying in the most shameless manner." Shvabrin changed color "You are not going to get away with that," he said... (2a).
         ♦ Этот, казалось бы, простенький вопрос почему-то расстроил сидящего, так что он даже изменился в лице (Булгаков 9). This apparently simple question upset the man behind the desk so much that a complete change came over his expression (9b).
         ♦ "Вашего сына расстреляли немцы. Он просил передать вам колечко. Он говорил, что это его матери..." Ваше не изменился в лице (Эренбург 1). "The Germans have shot your son. He asked us to give you this ring He said it was his mother's." Vacher's face betrayed no emotion (1a)
    2. to have one's face change in appearance (becoming pale, thin etc as a result of illness, sadness, emotional upset etc):
    - X изменился в лице≈ X's face changed (lost) color;
    - X's face became drawn (haggard).
         ♦ Дня три после ареста Мити Грушенька сильно заболела и хворала чуть не пять недель... Она сильно изменилась в лице, похудела и пожелтела, хотя вот уже почти две недели как могла выходить со двора (Достоевский 2). Some three days after Mitya's arrest, Grushenka had become quite ill and was sick for almost five weeks... Her face was greatly changed, she had become thin and sallow, though for almost two weeks she had already been able to go out (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > перемениться в лице

  • 17 stehen;

    steht, stand, hat, südd., österr., schw. auch ist gestanden
    I v/i
    1. (aufrecht sein) Person, Ding: stand; der Kleine kann schon stehen he can stand up ( oder stand on his own) already; ich kann vor Müdigkeit kaum noch stehen I’m so tired I can hardly stand up; plötzlich stand er vor mir suddenly he was standing there in front of me; jemanden ( einfach) stehen lassen (just) leave s.o. standing there; die Flasche soll stehen the bottle is supposed to stand up; vor Dreck stehen umg. be stiff with dirt; das Hotel soll Ende Mai stehen the hotel is supposed to be standing ( oder complete) by the end of May
    2. (sich befinden) be; wo stehen die Gläser? where are the glasses?; unter der Dusche stehen be in the shower, be having a shower; der Wein steht kalt the wine has been chilled; die Pflanze steht zu dunkel that plant needs more light; der Keller steht voll Wasser the cellar’s flooded ( oder full of water)
    3. (stillstehen) stand still; Uhr etc.: have stopped; der Verkehr stand the traffic was at ( oder had come to) a standstill; die Luft steht draußen: it’s very still ( schwül: close); drinnen: the air is thick in here; stehen bleiben Person, beim Vortragen etc.: stop (short); Uhr: stop; Maschine: auch come to a standstill (auch fig.); Motor: auch stall; Herz: stop beating; Zeit: stand still; halt, stehen bleiben ( oder ich schieße)! stop (or I’ll shoot)!; nicht stehen bleiben! move along, please!, keep moving!; wo waren wir stehen geblieben? fig. where were we?; im Buch etc.: auch where did we get to?; mir ist das Herz fast stehen geblieben my heart missed a beat; dort scheint die Zeit stehen geblieben zu sein it’s as if time had stood still there; das Kind ist in der Entwicklung stehen geblieben the child is (a bit) backward
    4. stehen bleiben (vergessen werden) be left behind; ist hier ein Schirm stehen geblieben? has anyone left an umbrella here?; stehen lassen (zurücklassen, auch vergessen) leave behind; (Essen) not touch, leave (untouched); er hat seinen Kaffee stehen lassen auch he hasn’t drunk his coffee; ihr könnt das Geschirr ruhig stehen lassen you can just leave the dishes; alles stehen und liegen lassen drop everything; habe ich hier meinen Schirm stehen lassen? did I leave my umbrella here?; man sollte sein Auto auch mal stehen lassen you should occasionally leave your car at home
    5. stehen in (+ Dat) (geschrieben sein) be (written) in; im Brief steht the letter says; hier steht, ( dass) ... it says here (that)...; wo steht das ( geschrieben)? where does it say that?; fig. bei Verbot etc.: since when is that a crime?, says who? umg.; hier muss ein Komma stehen there should be a comma here; nach diesem Verb steht der Konjunktiv that verb takes ( oder requires) the subjunctive; auf einer Liste stehen be on a list; stehen lassen (nicht streichen) leave (in); (übersehen, Fehler) overlook, miss; stehen bleiben (nicht verändert werden) stay, be left; bitte stehen lassen! (Tafelanschrieb etc.) please leave, please don’t rub out; das kann man so nicht stehen lassen, das kann so nicht stehen bleiben (Text, Behauptung, Formulierung etc.) you can’t leave it like that; soll das so stehen bleiben? is it supposed to stay like that?
    6. umg. (feststehen) be fixed, be finalized; die Mannschaft / der Plan steht the team / plan has been finalized; der Termin steht the date is fixed; die Sache muss bis Ende der Woche stehen it’s got to be licked into shape by the end of the week; steht dein Referat schon? als Entwurf: have you sketched out your paper yet?, is your paper ready in outline; fertig: have you finished your paper?
    7. mit Wert-, Zahlenangabe etc.: stehen auf (+ Dat) Skala etc.: show, be at; Aktien etc.: be at; der Zeiger steht auf null the needle is at ( oder on) zero; das Thermometer steht auf 10 Grad the thermometer shows ( oder is pointing to) 10 degrees; wie steht der Dollar? how high is the dollar?, what’s the dollar worth?; der Dollar steht bei... the dollar stands at ( oder is worth)...; höher denn je stehen Währung, Aktienkurs etc.: have reached an all-time high; zu stehen kommen auf (kosten) cost, come to
    8. mit Strafe oder Belohnung: auf Diebstahl steht eine Freiheitsstrafe theft is punishable by imprisonment; auf die Ergreifung des Täters stehen 10 000 Euro Belohnung there’s a reward of 10,000 euros for the capture of the person who did it
    9. wo steht er politisch? what are his political leanings?; er steht ( politisch) links (politically) he’s on the left
    10. umg.: auf jemanden / etw. stehen like ( oder fancy) s.o. / s.th.; er steht auf modernen Jazz he’s into modern jazz; sie steht auf große, dunkle Typen she goes for the tall dark type; da steh ich nicht drauf it doesn’t turn me on
    11. fig.: stehen für stand for; stellvertretend: represent; der Name steht für Qualität the name stands ( oder is a byword) for quality; er steht dafür, dass das Geld bezahlt wird (er garantiert dafür) he’s guaranteeing that the money will be paid, he’s acting as guarantor for the payment of the money
    12. fig.: hinter jemandem stehen be behind s.o.; voll hinter jemandem stehen be backing s.o. all the way ( oder up to the hilt); gut / schlecht mit jemandem stehen get on / not get on (very well) with s.o.; ihr Sinn steht nach Höherem she’s set her sights higher (than that); über / unter jemandem stehen be above / below s.o.; er steht über solchen Dingen he’s above that kind of thing; du musst versuchen, über solchen Dingen zu stehen you must try not to let that kind of thing bother you
    13. fig.: zu jemandem / etw. stehen stand by s.o. / s.th.; ich stehe dazu auch I’m sticking by it, I haven’t changed my mind (on that); wie stehst du dazu? what do you think (about it)?, what are your feelings (on the matter)?
    14. fig.: unter Alkohol stehen be under the influence of alcohol, have been drinking; unter Drogen stehen have been taking drugs, be on drugs; vor großen Schwierigkeiten stehen face great difficulties; vor dem Ruin stehen be on the brink of ruin; er steht vor seiner Abschlussprüfung he’s got his final exams coming up
    15. fig.: wie stehen die Dinge? how are things?; die Sache steht gut things are looking good; das Ganze steht und fällt mit... the whole thing stands or falls on...; die Chancen stehen fifty-fifty the odds are even; Aufsicht 1, Debatte, Einfluss, Sinn 3 etc.
    16. (kleiden) jemandem stehen suit s.o.; der Hut etc. steht dir gut that hat etc. (really) suits you; es steht dir nicht auch it’s not you
    18. umg., Penis: be erect; er stand ihm Sl. Penis: he had a hard-on
    II v/t (hat): einen Sprung stehen EISKUNSTLAUF, TURNEN land a jump; kann er diese Weite stehen? can he make this distance (without falling)?; Mann 5, Modell 2, Pate 1, Posten 1 etc.
    III v/refl (hat): sich gut / schlecht mit jemandem stehen get on / not get on (well) with s.o.; er steht sich gut he’s not doing badly
    _ [m1]IV v/i unpers. (hat, südd., österr., schw. auch ist)
    1. wie steht es um...? (etw., jemanden) how is / are... (getting on)?; wie steht es um seine Doktorarbeit? what’s the position with his doctorate?; es steht gut / schlecht um ihn things are going well / badly for him, he’s doing well / badly; Aussichten: things are looking good / bad for him; mit i-r Gesundheit steht es schlecht she’s in a bad way (healthwise); na, (wie geht’s,) wie steht’s? umg. and how are we?; also, wie steht’s? (wie ist der Stand der Dinge?) so, how are things?; wie steht’s mit einem Bier? umg. how about a beer?; ( und) wie steht es mit dir? umg. how about you?
    2. SPORT: es steht 2:1 the score is 2-1 ( für to); wie ( viel) steht es? what’s the score?
    3. es steht zu befürchten, dass... it is to be feared that...; es steht nicht bei mir zu (+ Inf.) it’s not for me to (+ Inf.), it’s not up to me to (+ Inf.) es steht ( ganz) bei dir it’s (entirely) up to you, it’s (entirely) your decision

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > stehen;

  • 18 get

    1. [get] n
    1. приплод, потомство ( у животных)
    2. диал.
    1) заработок, получка
    2) прибыль
    2. [get] v (got; амер., уст. p. p. тж. gotten2)
    I
    1. 1) доставать; добывать

    to get tickets [money] - достать /добыть/ билеты [деньги]

    where can I get something to eat? - а) где мне раздобыть чего-нибудь поесть?; б) где здесь можно поесть (пообедать и т. п.)?

    the thing is not to be got - это /эту вещь/ достать невозможно

    2) доставать и приносить

    can I get you a drink? - не хотите ли вы выпить? Я принесу

    don't answer the phone, I'll get it - не подходи к телефону, я возьму трубку

    3) добиваться, получать

    to get fame [credit, glory] - добиваться известности [похвалы, славы]

    to get the name (of) - завоевать /заслужить/ репутацию

    to get one's liberty - добиться свободы, завоевать свободу [см. тж. 4)]

    to get something for nothing - получить что-нибудь просто так /не дав ничего взамен/

    to get one's wish - получить то, что желаешь

    to get an /the/ advantage /the start/ of /over/ smb. - получить преимущество /добиться преимущества/ над кем-л.

    you'll get little by it - вы мало чего этим добьётесь, вы немного от этого выиграете

    you'll get nothing by it - вам это ничего не даст [см. тж. 4)]

    to get permission from smb. to do smth., to get leave of /from/ smb. to do smth. - получить разрешение /позволение/ у кого-л. сделать что-л.

    to get admission to - получать доступ /допуск/ в /к/

    to get the prize - получить приз /премию/

    to get a place - спорт. занять одно из первых мест в соревновании

    to get total points - спорт. набрать общую сумму очков

    4) зарабатывать, получать

    to get (good) wages - получать (хорошую) зарплату, (хорошо) зарабатывать

    to get a /one's/ living - зарабатывать на жизнь

    to get £6,000 a year [quite a lot] - получать /зарабатывать/ 6000 фунтов в год [довольно много]

    to get one's liberty - получить свободу, выйти на свободу [см. тж. 3)]

    if I am not working I get no pay - если я не работаю, мне не платят

    to get nothing by /out of/ it - ничего не заработать на этом [ср. тж. 3)]

    I will see what I can get for it - посмотрим, что я смогу за это получить, посмотрим, что мне за это дадут

    you won't get much for that old piano - за это старое пианино ты много не получишь /не выручишь/

    5) получать

    to get a letter [a postcard] - получить письмо [открытку]

    to get good [bad] news - получить хорошее [дурное] известие

    to get word - получить сообщение /известие/

    to get smth. from abroad - получать что-л. из-за границы [ср. тж. 6)]

    I got his answer this morning - я сегодня утром получил от него ответ [ср. тж. 3)]

    this room gets no sun - в эту комнату не попадает /не проникает/ солнце

    he gets it from his mother - это (эта черта характера и т. п.) у него от матери, это он унаследовал от матери

    6) покупать, приобретать

    to get a book - приобрести /купить/ книгу

    to get a new coat [hat, suit] (at /from/ Harrod's) - купить новое пальто [-ую шляпу, -ый костюм] (в магазине Хэррода)

    to get commodities from abroad - покупать /приобретать/ товары за границей

    to get smth. very cheap - купить что-л. очень дёшево

    get milk as well! - и молоко купи!

    I get my meat from the local butcher - я покупаю мясо в соседнем мясном магазине

    2. 1) поймать, схватить

    to get the thief - поймать /схватить/ вора

    to get smb. by the throat - а) схватить кого-л. за горло (и начать душить); б) взять кого-л. за горло

    to get the tip - спорт. перехватить начальный бросок мяча

    got you! - ага, попался!

    that's got him! - вот он и попался [см. тж. 4]

    you've just said the opposite of what you said before, I've got you there! - ты сейчас говоришь совсем не то, что говорил раньше - вот ты и попался!

    2) разг. отомстить

    I'll get you even if it takes the rest of my life - я до тебя доберусь, даже если на это придётся потратить остаток моей жизни

    3) захватывать, увлекать, волновать

    it doesn't get me - это меня не волнует /не трогает/

    4) раздражать

    his rude remarks get me - меня раздражают его грубые высказывания /грубости/

    3. 1) понимать, постигать

    to get it /smth./ right - понять /что-л./ правильно

    to get smb. wrong - не так /неправильно/ понять кого-л.

    to get the hint /the cue/ - понять намёк

    I didn't get the last sentence - я не разобрал /не расслышал/ последнее предложение

    let me get this clear: is she married or not? - объясните мне /я хочу точно знать/, она замужем или нет?

    I don't get you - я вас [этого] не понимаю

    I don't get your meaning /you/ - я не понимаю, что вы хотите сказать

    I try to make him understand, but he never gets the message - я пытаюсь заставить его понять, но до него ничего не доходит

    did you get it?, got me? - вы поняли?

    she's got it - а) она это поняла; б) у неё это получилось; [см. тж. II А 6]

    2) улавливать, замечать, наблюдать

    I didn't get your name - я не уловил /не расслышал/ вашу фамилию

    did you get the look on his face? - вы заметили выражение его лица?

    4. доводить до сознания; пронять

    that's got him! - это до него дошло!, это его задело [см. тж. 2, 1)]

    that sort of behaviour really gets me - такое поведение по-настоящему выводит меня из себя

    what's got him? - что с ним?, что его задело?, какая его муха укусила?

    5. озадачить, поставить в тупик
    6. попасть, угодить

    the blow got him in the nose [the head, the knee] - удар пришёлся ему по носу [по голове, колену]

    7. получить, «схлопотать»

    to get one in the eye - прост. получить в глаз, заработать синяк /фонарь/ под глазом

    II А
    1. заразиться; схватить (насморк, грипп и т. п.)

    to get (a) cold - простудиться, схватить насморк

    2. создаваться ( о впечатлении)

    I got the impression that he was busy - мне показалось /у меня сложилось впечатление/, что он занят

    from the style one gets the impression that the writing was dashed off hurriedly - по его манере /по тому, как он пишет/ создаётся впечатление, что всё это было написано наспех

    3. получать ( по заслугам); подвергаться ( наказанию)

    he got three years - его приговорили к трём годам, он «заработал» три года

    that's what you get by talking too much - вот что получается, когда слишком много болтают

    4. вычислять; получать ( в результате расчёта); устанавливать ( сумму); находить ( ответ)

    we get 7.5 as the average - в среднем у нас получилось 7,5

    when you add two and two you get four - если сложить два и два получится четыре, два плюс два - четыре

    dividing nine by three we get three - девять, делённое на три, - три

    5. 1) связываться, устанавливать контакт, связь (по радио, телефону; тж. get through, get to)

    did you get Paris? - ты связался с Парижем?

    the line was busy and we couldn't get him - телефон был занят, и мы не могли связаться с ним

    2) поймать (по радио)

    can you get Moscow on your radio? - ты ловишь /можешь поймать/ Москву по своему приёмнику?

    6. выучивать (роль, стихотворение и т. п.)

    to get smth. (off) by heart /by rote/ - выучить что-л. наизусть, запомнить что-л.

    she's got it - она выучила это [см. тж. I 3, 1)]

    7. готовить ( еду)
    8. съедать (завтрак, обед и т. п.)

    I'll get something to eat before I go out - я что-нибудь поем перед уходом

    9. только в наст. вр. иметься, встречаться

    you get many flowers in this region - в этом районе (имеется) много цветов

    you get different answers to such riddles - у таких загадок много разных ответов

    10. родить, производить на свет ( о животных)
    II Б
    1. to get to á place попадать, прибывать куда-л.; добираться до какого-л. места; достигать какого-л. пункта

    to get home - попасть домой, добраться до дому [см. тж. ♢ ]

    to get to Moscow [to London, to Paris] - прибыть в Москву [в Лондон, в Париж]

    when do we get to New York? - когда мы будем в Нью-Йорке?

    I'll get home, then - ну, я отправляюсь /пошёл/ домой

    what time did you get here? - в какое время /когда/ вы сюда прибыли /приехали, пришли/?

    how do I get there? - как мне туда попасть?

    how did this box get here? - как сюда попала эта коробка?, каким образом эта коробка очутилась здесь?

    where's my pen got to? - куда делась моя ручка?

    where can he have got to? - куда он делся /запропастился/?

    where did you get to? - до какого места (в книге и т. п.) ты дошёл?

    2. to get smb., smth. to á place провожать кого-л. куда-л.; доставлять кого-л., что-л. куда-л.; перевозить, переносить кого-л., что-л. куда-л.

    to get smb. home - проводить /доставить/ кого-л. домой

    to get smb. to Moscow [to London, to Paris] - привезти кого-л. в Москву [в Лондон, в Париж]

    to get smb., smth. upstairs - перенести /перетащить/ кого-л., что-л. наверх

    to get smb. to bed - уложить кого-л. в постель

    how will you get it here? - как вы это сюда доставите?

    3. 1) to get into á place входить куда-л.; влезать куда-л.; попадать, проникать куда-л.

    to get into a room [into a building] - войти /попасть/ в комнату [здание]

    to get into a car - влезать /садиться/ в машину

    to get into society - попасть в высший свет, проникнуть в светское общество

    2) to get out of á place выходить откуда-л.; вылезать, выбираться откуда-л.

    to get out of a room [a building] - выбраться из комнаты [здания]

    to get out of the train - выйти из поезда, сойти с поезда

    the train has already got out of the station - поезд уже отошёл от станции

    to get out of the wood - а) выбраться из лесу; б) выпутаться из затруднительного положения

    to get out of prison - совершить побег, бежать из тюрьмы

    3) to get out of á state, á condition выйти из какого-л. состояния, положения

    to get out of the rain - а) укрыться от дождя; б) избежать неприятности

    to get out of sight /hearing/ - скрываться

    get out of my sight! - убирайся!, с глаз долой!

    get out of my way! - прочь с дороги!

    4. 1) to get smb., smth. into á place вводить кого-л. куда-л.; проводить кого-л. куда-л.; протаскивать что-л. куда-л.; вводить, вкладывать, всовывать, втискивать что-л. куда-л.

    to get smb. into a room - привести /провести/ кого-л. в комнату; затащить кого-л. в комнату

    to get the key into the lock - вставить /всунуть/ ключ в замок

    at last she got all her dresses into the suitcase - наконец она втиснула все свои платья в чемодан

    2) to get smb., smth. out of place выводить кого-л. откуда-л.; вынимать, доставать что-л. из чего-л.

    to get smb. out of a room [a building] - вывести кого-л. из комнаты [здания]

    to get the key out of the lock - вынуть /вытащить/ ключ из замка

    to get a book out of one's bag - вытащить /достать/ книгу из портфеля

    to get smb. out of prison - «вытащить» кого-л. из тюрьмы; помочь кому-л. бежать из тюрьмы

    to get smth., smb. out of the way - избавиться от чего-л., кого-л.; разделаться с чем-л., с кем-л.

    5. to get smth. out of /from/ smb. выведывать, выспрашивать, выуживать что-л. у кого-л.

    I could get nothing out of him - я у него ничего не смог выведать /добиться/

    to get an answer from smb. - добиться ответа от кого-л.

    we'll never get anything out of him - мы ничего от него не добьёмся /из него не вытянем/, он никогда ничего не скажет

    they could get no money out of him - они не смогли выпросить у него денег; денег он им так и не дал

    6. to get out of smth. /doing smth./ избавляться от чего-л. /от какого-л. дела/

    to get out of a job /doing a job/ - избавиться /уклониться/ от этой работы

    to get out of going somewhere - избежать необходимости идти /ехать/ куда-л.; уклониться от поездки куда-л.

    you should get out of that bad habit - ты должен избавиться от этой дурной привычки

    you'll have to talk to him, there's no getting out of it - ничего не поделаешь, придётся тебе с ним поговорить

    7. to get to do /doing/ smth. разг. начинать делать что-л.

    to get to know - узнавать; знакомиться

    how did you get to know him? - как ты с ним познакомился?

    how did you get to know that I was here? - как ты узнал, что я здесь?

    if I get to see him I'll ask him about it - если я его увижу, я спрошу (его) об этом

    you're getting to be a bad influence on my children - вы начинаете оказывать на моих детей дурное влияние

    to get to like smth., smb. - полюбить что-л., кого-л.

    it got to be quite pleasant there after a while - через некоторое время там стало довольно мило

    he got working - он взялся за работу /приступил к работе/

    things haven't really got going yet - дела ещё не развернулись по-настоящему

    now, get going /moving, cracking/! - разг. давай действуй!

    8. 1) to get smb. to do smth. заставлять, убеждать, уговаривать кого-л. делать что-л.

    to get smb. to go [to read] - заставить кого-л. идти [читать]

    to get a man to speak - а) заставить человека заговорить; б) убедить кого-л. выступить

    to get smb. (to speak) on a subject - заставить кого-л. высказаться на определённую тему

    to get them to listen to reason - заставить /убедить/ их прислушаться к голосу рассудка

    I got him fo lend me £5 - я уговорил его дать мне взаймы 5 фунтов

    I cannot get anyone to do the work properly - я не могу добиться, чтобы эту работу сделали как следует

    2) to get smth. to do /doing/ smth.:

    to get a tree to grow in a bad soil - суметь вырастить дерево на плохой почве

    can you get the door to shut? - ты можешь сделать так, чтобы дверь закрылась?

    9. to get smth. done сделать что-л. (о действии, совершаемом кем-л. по желанию или указанию говорящего)

    we are getting our apartment newly papered - нам /у нас/ заново оклеивают квартиру (обоями)

    10. to get into smth. разг.
    1) (серьёзно) изучать (что-л.); овладеть (чем-л.)

    I am trying to get into Beethoven - я пытаюсь серьёзно заняться Бетховеном

    2) привыкнуть (к чему-л.), научиться (чему-л.)

    I'll soon get into the way of things here - я скоро ко всему здесь привыкну

    11. to get into á state, á condition попадать в какое-л. положение, состояние

    to get into time-trouble - шахм. попасть в цейтнот

    to get into a rage /into a wax/ - взбеситься, рассвирепеть, прийти в ярость

    to get into a tantrum - устроить /закатить/ истерику

    to get into touch with smb. - устанавливать контакт /устанавливать непосредственную связь/ с кем-л.

    to get into the habit of... - приобрести /усвоить/ привычку...

    to get into shape - спорт. прийти в (хорошую) форму

    12. to get smth., smb. into á state приводить что-л., кого-л. в какое-л. состояние

    to get smb. into trouble - а) подвести кого-л.; б) быть виновником чьей-л. беременности

    he got the girl into trouble - девушка забеременела /понесла/ от него

    to get smth. ready - подготовить что-л.

    try to get him into good humour - постарайтесь привести его в хорошее расположение духа

    I cannot get the work done properly - я не могу добиться, чтобы работа была сделана как надо

    can you get the work finished in time? - вы можете кончить работу вовремя?

    to get one's hands dirty - испачкать /измазать/ руки

    he got his wrist broken [dislocated] - он сломал [вывихнул] руку в кисти

    13. to get into clothes, etc надевать что-л., напяливать одежду и т. п.

    get into your coat quickly! - быстро надень пальто!

    I couldn't get into the shoes - я не мог влезть в ботинки, ботинки не влезали

    14. to get over smth.
    1) переходить, перелезать через что-л.; переправляться через что-л.
    2) преодолеть (трудность, препятствие)

    he will have to get over their objections - ему придётся поспорить с ними /настоять на своём/

    3) оправиться, выздороветь; прийти в себя
    4) переносить; свыкаться с мыслью

    I cannot get over his abominable behaviour - я не могу привыкнуть к его отвратительному поведению

    I can't get over the fact that... - никак не могу поверить в то, что...

    5) покрыть, пройти ( расстояние)

    the horse got over the distance in 10 minutes - лошадь покрыла это расстояние за 10 минут

    15. to get over smb.
    1) = to get round smb.
    2) забыть кого-л., перестать страдать по ком-л.
    16. to get ac ross smth. = to get over smth. 1)
    17. to get through smth.
    1) проходить; пробираться через, сквозь что-л.
    2) кончить

    he gets through an astounding amount of work - он успевает сделать огромное количество работы

    they get through ten bottles a week - они выпивают по десять бутылок в неделю

    3) выживать, выдерживать

    how shall I ever get through this? - как я всё это вынесу?

    how can I get through this week without you? - как я проживу /вынесу/ эту неделю без тебя?

    18. to get at smb.
    1) добираться до кого-л.

    he was difficult /not easy/ to get at - а) к нему было трудно попасть; б) к нему было трудно подступиться

    2) нападать на кого-л., добираться до кого-л.

    who are you getting at? - на кого ты нападаешь?

    3) подкупить кого-л.
    19. to get at smth.
    1) добираться до чего-л.

    the books are locked up and we can't get at them - книги заперты, и мы не можем их достать

    put the food where the cat can't get at it - спрячь продукты так, чтобы кошка до них не добралась

    the house is difficult to get at - к этому дому трудно подобраться /подступиться/

    2) постигнуть, понять что-л.; выяснить что-л.

    to get at the result - выяснить /узнать/ результат

    I found it hard to get at what drove them - я никак не мог понять, что ими движет /их мотивов/

    3) дать понять

    what are you getting at? - а) что вы хотите сказать?; б) чего вы добиваетесь?

    4) приниматься за что-л.

    I must get at this essay tonight - я должен сегодня же вечером взяться за /начать/ эту статью

    I want to get at the redecorating this weekend - я хочу начать ремонт /приступить к ремонту/ в субботу

    20. to get to smb. связаться с кем-л.

    when we got to him... - когда мы с ним связались...; когда мы ему дозвонились...

    21. to get to smth.
    1) приниматься за что-л., начинать что-л.
    2) доходить до чего-л.

    to get to grips with см. grip1 I 1, 1)

    22. to get round smb. обмануть, перехитрить, обойти кого-л.; уговорить кого-л.

    how did you get round him? - как тебе удалось перехитрить /провести/ его?

    she knows how to get round him - она знает, как обвести его (вокруг пальца)

    23. to get round smth.
    1) обходить (препятствие, закон, вопрос)
    2) преодолевать ( трудности)
    24. to get on smth.
    1) взбираться, влезать

    to get on one's feet - вставать (чтобы произнести речь, тост и т. п.)

    2) садиться в (трамвай и т. п.)

    here is your horse, get on - вот ваша лошадь, садитесь

    25. to get off smth. слезать с чего-л.

    to get off a bicycle [a horse] - слезать с велосипеда [лошади]

    get off that chair! - освободите кресло!

    get off the grass! - не ходите по траве!

    get off my back! - оставь меня в покое!, отцепись от меня!

    26. to get smb., smth. off smth. убрать кого-л., что-л. откуда-л.

    to get smb. off the train - снять кого-л. с поезда

    27. to get under smth. проходить, пролезать под чем-л.
    28. to get smth. under á state, á condition привести что-л. в какое-л. состояние, положение

    to get smth. under control - а) установить контроль над чем-л. б) навести порядок в чём-л.

    to get smb. under one's sway /influence/ - подчинить кого-л. своему влиянию

    29. to get onto smb.
    1) связаться с кем-л.

    I'll get onto the director and see if he can help - я свяжусь с директором, может быть, он сможет помочь

    2) разоблачать

    he tricked people for years until the police got onto him - он годами обманывал людей, пока полиция не разоблачила его

    III А
    1. разг.
    1) to have got иметь

    what have you got there? - что это у вас там?

    I haven't got a penny - у меня нет ни пенса /ни гроша/

    I've got an idea that... - я думаю, что..., мне кажется, что...

    2) to have got to do smth. быть должным что-л. сделать

    you've got to listen to what I say - ты обязан /должен/ меня выслушать

    to get cool - а) становиться прохладным; охлаждаться; б) успокаиваться

    to get free - а) освободиться, избавиться; б) спорт. освободиться ( от противника)

    to get clear (of debts) - освободиться /избавиться/ (от долгов), разделаться (с долгами)

    to get hot - а) разгорячиться; I'm getting hot - мне становится жарко; б) раздражаться

    to get better - а) поправляться (после болезни и т. п.); б) улучшаться, становиться лучше

    to get worse - а) ухудшаться ( о состоянии больного); б) ухудшаться, становиться хуже

    don't get rough! - не груби!, не хами!; не давай волю рукам

    to get done with smth., smb. - покончить с чем-л., с кем-л.

    to get married - (по)жениться; выйти замуж

    to get left - а) быть оставленным; б) остаться в дураках, быть одураченным, остаться с носом

    to get beaten - а) быть избитым; б) быть побеждённым; потерпеть поражение

    to get rubber-legged - спорт. потерять устойчивость

    get set! - спорт. приготовиться! ( команда)

    to get limbered up - спорт. размяться

    3. в сочетании с последующим существительным выражает действие, соответствующее значению существительного:

    to get a fright /a scare/ - испугаться, напугаться, перепугаться

    to get some sleep - вздремнуть, соснуть

    to get a sight of smb., smth. - увидеть /заметить/ кого-л., что-л.

    to get a glimpse [a peep] of smb., smth. - увидеть кого-л., что-л. мельком [украдкой]

    ♢

    to get to bed - лечь в постель; лечь спать

    to get one's breath /wind/ - отдышаться; перевести дыхание; прийти в себя

    to get wind - редк. распространиться ( о слухе)

    to get wind of smth. - почуять что-л.; узнать /пронюхать/ что-л.; своевременно разгадать что-л.

    to get the wind up, to get cold feet - сл. сдрейфить, струсить

    to get the wind, to get to the windward - мор. выйти на ветер

    to get the wind of smb. - иметь преимущество перед кем-л., быть в более благоприятных условиях, чем кто-л.

    to get back to the bunch - спорт. «достать» головную группу

    to get to close quarters - а) сблизиться, подойти на близкую дистанцию; б) столкнуться лицом к лицу; в) сцепиться в споре

    to get the upper hand - одержать победу, взять верх, одолеть; иметь превосходство /перевес/

    to get the whip-hand of smb. - иметь кого-л. в своём полном подчинении

    to get the better (end) of smb. - получить преимущество перед кем-л., взять верх над кем-л., превзойти /перехитрить/ кого-л.; ≅ за пояс заткнуть кого-л.

    to get the worst of it - потерпеть жестокое поражение; быть в наихудшем положении; вынести всю тяжесть чего-л.

    to get into smb.'s confidence - втереться кому-л. в доверие

    to get it /smth./ into one's head - вбить себе это /что-л./ в голову

    to get smb., smth. out of one's head /one's mind/ - выбросить кого-л., что-л. из головы

    to get smth. /it/ off one's chest - а) облегчить душу, чистосердечно сознаться в чём-л.; б) разразиться речью по поводу чего-л.

    to get smth. /it/ off one's conscience - успокоить свою совесть (в отношении чего-л.)

    to get one's (own) way - делать /поступать/ по-своему; настоять, поставить на своём, добиться своего

    to get in the way /in smb.'s way, in smb.'s road/ - мешать /препятствовать/ кому-л., стоять у кого-л. на пути; стать кому-л. поперёк дороги

    to get under way - а) отплывать, отходить; б) тронуться в путь, отправиться, выехать; в) начать проводить в жизнь, осуществлять; пускать в ход

    where does that get us? - что нам это даёт?

    now we're getting somewhere! - ну, наконец-то мы сдвинулись с места!

    you won't get anywhere if you behave like that - вы ничего не добьётесь, если будете себя так вести

    how did you get that way? - амер. как это тебя угораздило?

    to get into a mess /into a muddle/ - попасть в беду /в трудное положение/, запутаться, «влипнуть»

    to get into deep waters - находиться в тяжёлом /затруднительном, опасном/ положении

    to get out of one's depth - а) зайти слишком глубоко; попасть на глубокое место; не доставать дна; б) зайти слишком далеко

    to get on smb.'s nerves, амер. to get under smb.'s skin - действовать кому-л. на нервы, раздражать кого-л.

    to get smb.'s back up, to get smb.'s goat - разозлить /рассердить/ кого-л., вывести кого-л. из себя

    to get one's blood /dander/ up - разозлиться, разгорячиться, рассердиться, вспылить, выйти из себя

    to get in wrong with smb. - попасть в немилость к кому-л., заслужить чью-л. немилость

    to get back (some of) one's own, to get (some of) one's own back - отомстить за обиду /оскорбление/, взять реванш

    to get one's own back on smb. - отомстить кому-л.

    to get even with smb. - свести счёты /расквитаться/ с кем-л.

    to get above oneself - зазнаваться, воображать

    you're getting above yourself! - не задирай нос!

    to get hell, to get it, to get hot, to get it in the neck, to get a rap on /over/ the knuckles - получить выговор /(хороший) нагоняй, (хорошую, здоровую) взбучку, нахлобучку/; получить по шее; нарваться на выговор

    to get rid of smb., smth. - избавиться /отвязаться, отделаться/ от кого-л., чего-л.

    to get the mitten /the sack, the push, the gate/ - а) быть уволенным /выгнанным с работы/, «вылететь»; б) получить отказ /отставку/, быть отвергнутым ( о женихе)

    to get the boot /the kick/ = to get the mitten а)

    to get the bird - а) = to get the mitten а); б) быть освистанным /ошиканным/ (амер. тж. to get the big bird /the raspberry/)

    to get there /ahead/ - достичь своей цели, добиться своего; преуспеть, достигнуть успеха

    to get somewhere - достигнуть чего-л.

    to get nowhere - ничего не достигнуть; не достичь своей цели; не сдвинуться с мёртвой точки

    to get home - а) достигать своей цели; преуспевать, иметь успех; б) восстановить утраченное; оправиться после денежных затруднений; занять прежнее положение; в) выиграть, одержать победу ( о спортсмене); г) нанести удар; попасть в цель; попасть в точку; д) задеть за живое, ударить по больному месту; [см. тж. II Б 1]

    to get out of hand - отбиться от рук, выйти из подчинения /повиновения/, распуститься; выйти из-под власти /влияния, контроля/

    to get one's hands on smth. - достать /раздобыть/ что-л.

    I got my hands on a pair of shoes that I really like - мне удалось достать пару туфель, которые мне по-настоящему нравятся

    to get one's hand in it, to get the hang /the feel/ of it - набить руку, приобрести навык /умение, сноровку/ в чём-л., освоиться с чем-л.

    to get it down fine - основательно изучить /узнать/ что-л.

    to get wise to smth. - узнать что-л., познакомиться с чем-л.; осознавать /понимать/ что-л.; раскрыть что-л.

    to get down to brass tacks - а) перейти к делу; б) реально смотреть на вещи

    to get to the heart of the matter, to get to the back of smth. - добраться /докопаться/ до сути чего-л.; понять сущность чего-л.

    to get it on - сл. приходить в восторг, быть охваченным энтузиазмом

    to get religion - а) стать очень набожным; б) быть обращённым, принять веру

    to get out of bed on the wrong side - ≅ встать с левой ноги

    to get out from under - сл. «смотать удочки»

    to have got it bad - «заболеть», сильно увлечься (чем-л.)

    he's got it bad for her - он здорово ею увлёкся /втюрился, втрескался в неё/

    get! - амер. убирайся!, вон!

    get off it! - хвати!, кончай!

    НБАРС > get

  • 19 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 20 sobre

    prep.
    1 on, above, on top of, onto.
    Un libro sobre el cáncer de pulmón A book on lung cancer...
    2 on, about, over, referring to.
    3 on.
    Un libro sobre el cáncer de pulmón A book on lung cancer...
    m.
    envelope.
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: sobrar.
    * * *
    1 (encima) on, upon, on top of
    2 (por encima) over, above
    3 (acerca de) about, on
    4 (alrededor de) about, around
    1 (de correo) envelope
    2 (de sopa etc) packet
    \
    irse al sobre familiar to hit the sack
    sobre manera exceedingly
    sobre todo above all, especially
    * * *
    1. noun m. 2. prep.
    1) on, upon, on top of
    2) over
    •
    * * *
    I
    SM
    1) [para cartas] envelope

    sobre de paga, sobre de pago — pay packet

    2) ** (=cama) bed

    meterse en el sobre — to hit the sack *, hit the hay *

    3) LAm (=cartera) handbag
    II
    PREP
    1) (=encima de) on

    tengo que estar sobre él para que lo haga — I have to stand over him to make him do it, I have to keep a constant watch over him to make sure he does it

    2) (=por encima de)
    a) [+ lugar] over
    b) [con cantidades] above

    500 metros sobre el nivel del mar — 500 metres o (EEUU) meters above sea level

    3) [indicando superioridad] over
    4) [indicando proporción] out of, in

    tres sobre cien — three out of every hundred, three in a hundred

    cuatro personas sobre diez no votarían — four out of ten people would not vote, four in every ten people would not vote

    5) (Econ) on
    6) (=aproximadamente) about

    ocupa sobre 20 páginas — it fills about 20 pages, it occupies roughly 20 pages

    7) (=acerca de) about, on
    8) (=además de) in addition to, on top of
    9)

    sobre todo — (=en primer lugar) above all; (=especialmente) especially

    sobre todo, no perdamos la calma — above all, let's keep calm

    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) (Corresp) envelope

    sobre aéreo or (de) vía aérea — airmail envelope

    b) ( envase)

    un sobre de sopa — a package of soup (AmE), a packet of soup (BrE)

    2) (AmL) ( cartera) clutch bag
    II
    b) ( sin contacto) over

    4.000 metros sobre el nivel del mar — 4,000 meters above sea level

    estar sobre alguien — ( vigilar) to check up on somebody

    c) ( alrededor de) on
    3)
    a) (en relaciones de efecto, derivación, etc) on
    b) (Com, Fin) on

    un incremento del 11% sobre los precios del año pasado — an increase of 11% on o over last year's prices

    4) ( acerca de) on

    legislación sobre impuestos — tax legislation, legislation on taxes

    escribió sobre el espinoso tema de... — she wrote on o about the thorny topic of...

    5) (Esp) (con cantidades, fechas, horas) around, about (BrE)

    sobre unos 70 kilos — around o about 70 kilos

    6)
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) (Corresp) envelope

    sobre aéreo or (de) vía aérea — airmail envelope

    b) ( envase)

    un sobre de sopa — a package of soup (AmE), a packet of soup (BrE)

    2) (AmL) ( cartera) clutch bag
    II
    b) ( sin contacto) over

    4.000 metros sobre el nivel del mar — 4,000 meters above sea level

    estar sobre alguien — ( vigilar) to check up on somebody

    c) ( alrededor de) on
    3)
    a) (en relaciones de efecto, derivación, etc) on
    b) (Com, Fin) on

    un incremento del 11% sobre los precios del año pasado — an increase of 11% on o over last year's prices

    4) ( acerca de) on

    legislación sobre impuestos — tax legislation, legislation on taxes

    escribió sobre el espinoso tema de... — she wrote on o about the thorny topic of...

    5) (Esp) (con cantidades, fechas, horas) around, about (BrE)

    sobre unos 70 kilos — around o about 70 kilos

    6)
    * * *
    sobre1

    Ex: A jacket or sleeve is a protective envelope for a sound disc, made of cardboard or paper.

    * licencia en sobre hermético = shrink-wrap licence [shrinkwrap licence], shrink-wrapped licence [shrinkwrapped licence].
    * poner la dirección en un sobre = address + envelope.
    * sobre acolchado = jiffy bag.
    * sobre acolchado con burbujas de plástico = bubble bag.
    * sobre para el control del préstamo = slip holder pocket.
    * sopa de sobre = instant soup, packet soup.

    sobre2
    = about, on, on top of, onto, over, surrounding, the way in which, upon, atop.

    Ex: His report contains sufficient information about a set of events and the people involved to allow for careful, systematic investigation.

    Ex: Efforts are being made in the direction of an international consensus on the definition and treatment of corporate authorship.
    Ex: Cards are superimposed, one on top of another, and carefully aligned.
    Ex: When one is in place, the depression of a lever causes it to be photographed onto the next blank space.
    Ex: The conventional name of a government is the geographic name of the area over which the government has jurisdiction.
    Ex: This section, then, will review the basic problems surrounding the choice of form of headings for persons.
    Ex: Recommendations relating to analytical cataloguing practices concern themselves primarily with the way in which the part of a document or work to be accessed is described.
    Ex: Taube's original system relied upon 'uniterms' or one concept terms.
    Ex: In Paris, the liberty cap atop the pike became an important icon aimed against the fading tyranny of the ancien regime.
    * sobre ascuas = in suspense.
    * sobre base de arena = sand-based.
    * sobre + Cantidad = around + Cantidad.
    * sobre disco = ondisc.
    * sobre el automóvil = automotive.
    * sobre ello = thereupon [thereon].
    * sobre el papel = in intent, nominally.
    * sobre el que se están haciendo averiguaciones = under investigation.
    * sobre el terreno = on the ground.
    * sobre esta base = on this basis, on that basis.
    * a partir de esto = on that basis.
    * sobre forro de tela = cloth-backed.
    * sobre la base de = in relation to, on the usual basis.
    * sobre la comedia = comedic.
    * sobre la marcha = on-the-fly, off the top of + Posesivo + head, right off the bat, spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment, while-you-wait [while-u-wait], straight away, as you go, right away, at once.
    * sobre la superficie = above ground.
    * sobre la tierra = on earth, on the face of the earth, on the ground.
    * sobre los glaciares = glaciological.
    * sobre museos = museum-based.
    * sobre ruedas = on wheels, roll-out, without a hitch.
    * sobre suelo firme = on firm footing.
    * sobre todas las cosas = above all things.
    * sobre todo = above all, above everything else, overwhelmingly, in particular, above all things.
    * Verbo + sobre todo = Verbo + the most.
    * y sobre todo = and worst of all.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Corresp) envelope
    sobre aéreo or (de) vía aérea airmail envelope
    sobre de ventanilla window envelope
    2
    (envase): un sobre de sopa a package of soup ( AmE), a packet of soup ( BrE)
    un sobre or sobrecito de vitamina C a pack of Vitamin C ( AmE), a sachet of Vitamin C ( BrE)
    B ( arg)
    (cama): el sobre the sack ( colloq)
    irse al sobre to hit the sack o the hay ( colloq)
    C ( AmL) (cartera) clutch bag
    1
    (cuando hay contacto): lo dejé sobre la mesa I left it on the table
    los fue poniendo uno sobre otro she placed them one on top of the other
    vestía chaqueta a or de cuadros sobre una camisa blanca he wore a checked jacket over a white shirt
    letras en azul sobre un fondo blanco blue letters on o upon a white background
    la lluvia que cayó sobre Quito the rain that fell on Quito
    la población está sobre el Paraná the town is on the Paraná river
    se abalanzaron sobre él they leapt on him
    estamos sobre su pista we're on their trail
    volaremos sobre Santiago we shall be flying over Santiago
    se inclinó sobre su lecho de enfermo she leaned o bent over his sick bed
    en el techo justo sobre la mesa on the ceiling right above o over the table
    4.000 metros sobre el nivel del mar 4,000 meters above sea level
    estar sobre algn to check up on sb
    está constantemente sobre ella para que estudie he has to keep checking up on her to make sure she studies
    gira sobre su eje it spins on its axis
    4 ( Mat):
    X/y (en ecuaciones) (read as: x sobre y) X/y (léase: x over y)
    18/20 (calificación) (read as: 18 sobre 20) 18/20 (léase: 18 out of 20)
    B
    (en relaciones de jerarquía): sobre estos representantes tenemos al jefe de zona above these representatives we have the area head
    su victoria sobre el equipo local their victory over the local team
    amar a Dios sobre todas las cosas love God above all else
    C
    1 (en relaciones de efecto, derivación, etc) on
    han tenido mucha influencia sobre él they have had a great influence on him
    una opereta sobre libreto de Sierra an operetta with libretto by Sierra
    2 ( Com, Fin) on
    un incremento del 11% sobre los precios del año pasado an increase of 11% on o over last year's prices
    la hipoteca que pesa sobre la casa the mortgage on the house
    prestan dinero sobre alhajas they lend money on jewelry
    cheque sobre Buenos Aires check payable in Buenos Aires
    cheque girado sobre el Banco de Córdoba check drawn on the Banco de Córdoba
    legislación sobre impuestos tax legislation, legislation on taxes
    existen muchos libros sobre el tema there are many books on the subject
    escribió sobre el espinoso tema de … she wrote on o about the thorny topic of …
    E
    1
    (próximo a): el ejército está sobre la ciudad the army is at the gates of the city
    llegué muy sobre la hora ( AmS); I only arrived a short time beforehand
    2 ( Esp) (con cantidades, fechas, horas) around, about ( BrE)
    debe pesar sobre los 70 kilos he must weigh around o about 70 kilos
    F
    sobre todo above all
    tuvo mucho éxito, sobre todo entre la juventud it was very successful, above all o particularly o especially among young people
    aumentan las presiones políticas, sociales y, sobre todo, económicas the political, social and, above all, economic pressures are growing
    * * *

     

    Del verbo sobrar: ( conjugate sobrar)

    sobré es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    sobre es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    sobrar    
    sobre    
    sobre-
    sobrar ( conjugate sobrar) verbo intransitivo
    a) (quedar, restar):


    ¿te ha sobrado dinero? do you have any money left?

    ◊ ya veo que sobro aquí I can see I'm not wanted/needed here;

    a mí no me sobra el dinero I don't have money to throw around (colloq);
    sobra un cubierto there's an extra place
    sobre sustantivo masculino
    1 (Corresp) envelope
    2 (AmL) ( cartera) clutch bag
    ■ preposición
    1 ( indicando posición)
    a) ( encima de) on;


    los puso uno sobre otro she placed them one on top of the other;
    estamos sobre su pista we're on their trail


    en el techo, justo sobre la mesa on the ceiling right above o over the table;
    4.000 metros sobre el nivel del mar 4,000 meters above sea level
    c) ( alrededor de) on;


    2 ( en relaciones de jerarquía):

    3 ( acerca de) on;
    ◊ hay muchos libros sobre el tema there are many books on o about the subject

    4 (Esp) (con cantidades, fechas, horas) around, about (BrE);
    ◊ sobre unos 70 kilos around o about 70 kilos

    5

    sobrar verbo intransitivo
    1 (quedar) to be left (over): si sobra tela hago un cojín, if there's any fabric left, I'll make a cushion
    2 (haber en exceso) to be more than enough: nos sobra espacio para ponerlo, we have plenty of room to put it
    3 (estar de más, ser innecesario) su marido sobraba en aquella reunión, her husband wasn't wanted at that meeting
    sobran las disculpas, there is no need for you to apologize
    sobre 1 sustantivo masculino
    1 (para meter papeles, cartas) envelope
    2 (para sopa) packet
    (para medicina, etc) sachet
    3 fam hum bed
    ir al sobre, to go to bed
    sobre 2 preposición
    1 (encima de) on, upon, on top of: se puso un chal sobre los hombros, she put a shawl over her shoulders
    toda la responsabilidad recae sobre él, the entire responsibility falls on him
    2 (por encima) over, above
    3 (en torno a, hacia) about: llamaron sobre las seis, they phoned at about six o'clock
    4 (a propósito de) about, on: hablaremos sobre ello, we'll talk about it
    un libro sobre Napoleón, a book on Napoleón
    5 (además de) upon
    6 (para indicar el objeto de la acción) ejerce mucha influencia sobre él, he has a lot of influence on him
    ♦ Locuciones: sobre todo, above all
    sobre- pref super-, over-
    ' sobre' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abalanzarse
    - abatirse
    - absoluta
    - absoluto
    - acometer
    - acumularse
    - advertir
    - alertar
    - antediluviana
    - antediluviano
    - ascendiente
    - ascua
    - aviso
    - cábala
    - caballería
    - carta
    - cerrar
    - charla
    - conferencia
    - conversar
    - copete
    - curso
    - dato
    - derramar
    - descargar
    - desconocimiento
    - deslizarse
    - dictaminar
    - discusión
    - discutir
    - disertar
    - dispar
    - disputar
    - documentación
    - documentarse
    - elevarse
    - en
    - encima
    - encogerse
    - entrañas
    - especialmente
    - estabilizador
    - estabilizadora
    - estándar
    - estimativa
    - estimativo
    - eurócrata
    - extendida
    - extendido
    - fantasma
    English:
    about
    - above
    - act on
    - aerial
    - alive
    - all
    - array
    - article
    - assert
    - background
    - balance
    - basis
    - bear down on
    - bob
    - brain
    - bridge
    - call
    - capital gains tax
    - card
    - cast
    - chiefly
    - client
    - comfortably
    - concise
    - confer
    - consult
    - contention
    - converse
    - credit bureau
    - dab
    - dark
    - deal with
    - debate
    - deduction
    - definition
    - deliberate
    - denunciation
    - develop
    - diary
    - differ
    - discuss
    - dispute
    - disseminate
    - dissertation
    - dive
    - double back
    - dubious
    - enclose
    - enclosure
    - enlarge
    * * *
    sobre1 nm
    1. [para cartas] envelope
    2. [para alimentos, medicamentos] sachet, packet
    3. Fam [cama]
    irse al sobre to hit the sack
    4. Am [bolsa] clutch bag
    5. Urug sobre de dormir sleeping bag
    ♦ prep
    1. [encima de] on (top of);
    el libro está sobre la mesa the book is on (top of) the table;
    aún hay nieve sobre las montañas there's still snow on the mountains;
    fui apilando las tejas una sobre otra I piled the tiles up one on top of the other;
    una cruz roja sobre fondo blanco a red cross on o against a white background;
    varios policías saltaron sobre él several policemen fell upon him;
    seguimos sobre su pista we're still on her trail;
    Andes, RP
    sobre la hora: ¿tomamos algo antes de que subas al tren? – imposible, ya estoy sobre la hora shall we have a bite to eat before you catch the train? – I can't, I'm already tight for time;
    llegamos muy sobre la hora we arrived with very little time to spare
    2. [por encima de] over, above;
    el puente sobre la bahía the bridge across o over the bay;
    en estos momentos volamos sobre la isla de Pascua we are currently flying over Easter Island;
    la catedral destaca sobre los demás edificios the cathedral stands out over o above the other buildings;
    a 3.000 metros sobre el nivel del mar 3,000 metres above sea level
    3. [en torno a] on;
    la Tierra gira sobre sí misma the Earth revolves on its own axis
    4. [indica superioridad]
    su opinión está sobre las de los demás his opinion is more important than that of the others;
    5. [indica relación, contraste, efecto]
    tiene muchas ventajas sobre el antiguo modelo it has a lot of advantages over the old model;
    su efecto sobre la quemadura es inmediato its effect on the burn is immediate;
    no tienen influencia sobre ellos they have no influence over them
    6. [acerca de] about, on;
    discuten sobre política they are arguing about politics;
    un libro sobre el amor a book about o on love;
    una conferencia sobre el desarme a conference on disarmament
    7. [aproximadamente] about;
    llegarán sobre las diez/sobre el jueves they'll arrive at about ten o'clock/around Thursday;
    tiene sobre los veinte años she's about twenty;
    los solicitantes deben de ser sobre dos mil there must be about two thousand applicants
    8. [indica acumulación] upon;
    nos contó mentira sobre mentira he told us lie upon lie o one lie after another
    9. [indica inminencia] upon;
    la desgracia estaba ya sobre nosotros the disaster was already upon us
    ♦ sobre todo loc adv
    above all;
    afectó sobre todo a la industria turística it particularly affected the tourist industry;
    y, sobre todo, no le digas nada a ella and, above all, don't say anything to her
    * * *
    I m envelope;
    sopa de sobre packet soup
    II prp
    1 on;
    sobre la mesa on the table
    2 ( acerca de)
    :
    sobre esto about this
    3 ( alrededor de)
    :
    sobre las tres around three o’clock
    4
    :
    sobre todo above all, especially
    * * *
    sobre nm
    1) : envelope
    2) : packet
    un sobre de sazón: a packet of seasoning
    sobre prep
    1) : on, on top of
    sobre la mesa: on the table
    2) : over, above
    3) : about
    ¿tiene libros sobre Bolivia?: do you have books on Bolivia?
    4)
    sobre todo : especially, above all
    * * *
    sobre1 n
    1. (para carta) envelope
    2. (envoltorio) packet
    sobre2 prep
    3. (acerca de, alrededor de) about
    sobre todo above all / especially

    Spanish-English dictionary > sobre

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